Põhja-Eesti arheoloogilised maastikud. Archaeological landscapes of North-Estonia
Date
2010-12-27
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Abstract
Doktoritöö käsitleb Põhja-Eesti muinasaegset inimasustust ning maastikukasutust pikaajalises perspektiivis alates kiviajast, mil tekkisid esimesed asulakohad, kuni keskajani, mil kohalikud külad ilmuvad järk-järgult kirjalikesse allikatesse. Põhitähelepanu on siiski pööratud ajale, mil inimesed esmakordselt teadlikult ja jäävalt hakkasid ümbritsevat maastikku muutma, st pronksi- ja eelrooma rauaajale.
Tööd läbib maastikutemaatika, mis on nii siduvaks mõisteks kui ka töö lähtekohaks. Maastikuna mõistetakse tervikut, mille moodustavad loodus, inimtegevustest jäänud/tekkivad jäljed ning aeg. Viimane kujutab endast mõttelist telge, mille ümber koonduvad kultuurmaastiku erinevad kihid. Just maastik on sageli andnud tõuke mingiks kindlaks inimkäitumiseks ning olen püüdnud analüüsida muistist koos seda ümbritseva keskkonnaga, mille osaks ta on.
Inimasustuse ja maastikukasutuse uurimiseks on töös kasutatud põhiliselt kahte lähenemisvõimalust, millest üks on inimene teda ümbritsevas looduskeskkonnas ning teine inimene ja maastik. Esimene kasutab konkreetset ning kitsamatki vaatenurka, teine aga laiemat ja üldistavamat. Mõlemad on siiski ennekõike seotud inimeste kohanemisega mingi kindla paigaga, mida iseloomustavad just sellele alale/kohale iseloomulikud tunnusjooned.
Looduskeskkond on inimesi alati mõjutanud ning inimeste valikud ja tegevused sõltuvad paljuski sellest, mida ümbritsev keskkond neile pakub. Muistses maastikukasutuses ei saa siiski kõike põhjendada vaid konkreetsete toimetulekustrateegiatega, mistõttu on töös seda lähenemist ühendatud fenomenoloogiliste vaatenurkadega, mis rõhutavad inimeste maastikukogemust.
The present thesis discusses North-Estonian human settlement and the use of landsacpe from a long term perspective starting with the Stone Age when the first settlement sites were established and ending with the Middle Ages when local villages were first mentioned in written sources. Nevertheless, the focus is on the time when people for the first time consciously and permanently started to alter their surrounding landscape – the Bronze and Pre-Roman Iron Ages. The point of departure of this work is landscape. Landscape is considered as a whole composed by nature, traces of human activities and time. The latter is represented as an axis around which especially the different layers of the cultural landscape are concentrated. It is often the landscape that had caused some concrete hyman activities and I have tried to analyze archaeological sites in their environmental context. Mainly two different approaches have been used for studying human settlement and the use of landscape. The first is humans in the surrounding natural environment and the second is humans anscape. The first approach uses a concrete and maybe a narrower point of view, the secon one is wider and more generalizing. First of all both of them concern people`s adaptation to some concrete place characterized by its specific features. The natural environment has always influenced people and peoples choices and activities depend largely on what the surrounding environment has to offer. However, people also carry out such acts that are not associated with subsistance strategies. Because of that also the phenomenological views that emphaze people`s landscape experience are used.
The present thesis discusses North-Estonian human settlement and the use of landsacpe from a long term perspective starting with the Stone Age when the first settlement sites were established and ending with the Middle Ages when local villages were first mentioned in written sources. Nevertheless, the focus is on the time when people for the first time consciously and permanently started to alter their surrounding landscape – the Bronze and Pre-Roman Iron Ages. The point of departure of this work is landscape. Landscape is considered as a whole composed by nature, traces of human activities and time. The latter is represented as an axis around which especially the different layers of the cultural landscape are concentrated. It is often the landscape that had caused some concrete hyman activities and I have tried to analyze archaeological sites in their environmental context. Mainly two different approaches have been used for studying human settlement and the use of landscape. The first is humans in the surrounding natural environment and the second is humans anscape. The first approach uses a concrete and maybe a narrower point of view, the secon one is wider and more generalizing. First of all both of them concern people`s adaptation to some concrete place characterized by its specific features. The natural environment has always influenced people and peoples choices and activities depend largely on what the surrounding environment has to offer. However, people also carry out such acts that are not associated with subsistance strategies. Because of that also the phenomenological views that emphaze people`s landscape experience are used.
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Keywords
dissertatsioonid, arheoloogia, Põhja-Eesti, maastikud, muinasaeg, maastikukasutus, pronksiaeg, eelrooma rauaaeg, asulakohad