Arstiteadus rootsiaegses Tartu gümnaasiumis ja ülikoolis aastatel 1630–1656. Meditsiinialased disputatsioonid ja oratsioonid ning nende autorid
Date
2011-04-29
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Abstract
Tartu ülikool oli 17. sajandil kõige idapoolsem Euroopa ülikool ning rootsiaegset Tartu ülikooli võib pidada Ida-Euroopa oluliseks meditsiinimõttekeskuseks. Tartus, nagu ka Uppsalas ja Turus, ei jõutud 17. sajandi esimesel poolel meditsiinialaste doktoritööde kaitsmiseni, kuid Tartu gümnaasiumi ja ülikooli esimese veerandsaja-aastase tegutsemisperioodi jooksul (1630–1656) kaitsti kolm meditsiinialast harjutusdisputatsiooni ning peeti kaks oratsiooni e kõnet.
Antud doktoritöös on eesmärgiks võetud need tööd eelkõige Rootsi ideeajaloolise koolkonna suunda järgides 17. sajandi esimese poole Euroopa meditsiiniteadmiste taustal lahti mõtestada. Doktoritöö vaatleb Tartu gümnaasiumis ja ülikoolis aastatel 1630–1656 koostatud arstiteaduslikke töid ka nende koostajate – so professorite ja tudengite – muu loomingu taustal. Tartus meditsiinitöid ette kandnud üliõpilastest oli vaid üks tulevane arst, ülejäänuid neli aga loodusteaduslike kõrvalhuvidega teoloogiaüliõpilased ja tulevased vaimulikud.
Tulemustena võib välja tuua, et Tartus koostatud meditsiinitöödes kajastusid nii antiikaegsed humoraalpatoloogilised kui ka varauusaegsed jatrokeemilised vaated arstiteadusele. Tsiteeritud autoritena olid hinnas nende vaadete ühendajad. Esimese arstiteadusliku disputatsiooni ja ühtlasi esimese Tartu ülikooliga seotud teadustöö koostas meditsiiniprofessor Johannes Raicus Tartu gümnaasiumi päevil 1631. a ilmse eesmärgiga virgutada kuningavõime gümnaasiumi kiiresti ülikooliks muutma. Võib öelda, et Tartus aastatel 1630–1656 koostatud meditsiinialastes töödes peegelduvad nii varauusaegsed teaduslikud arusaamad kui ka antiikkirjandusele ja Piiblile toetuv mütoloogilis-religioosne pilt meditsiinist ja selle võimalikest leiutajatest. Antud uurimuses hinnati ümber ka mitmed 20. sajandi teisel poolel käibesse läinud väärtõlgendused rootsiaegse Tartu ülikooli meditsiinitööde kohta.
In the 17th century the University of Tartu was the easternmost university in Europe. The Swedish University of Tartu can be considered an important centre of early modern medical thought in the Eastern Europe. Although similarly with the universities of Uppsala and Turku no doctoral dissertations in the field of medicine were defended in the first part of the 17th century in Tartu, three medical disputations and two orations were held from 1630 to 1656. The aim of the present thesis is to analyse these works on the background of the medical knowledge of the first half of the 17th century following the Swedish school of history of ideas. The thesis also analyses the medical works compiled at the Gymnasium and University of Tartu from 1630 to 1656 on the background of the other works of their compilers – both professors and students. Amongst the students, who presented medical works in Tartu at that time there was only one student of medicine, the rest of them were students of theology and future clergymen. The results of the thesis display that in the medical works compiled in Tartu between 1630 and 1656 both ancient humoral pathological and early modern iatrochemical views on medicine are reflected. The scientists, who tried to combine these ideas, were appreciated as quoted authors. The first medical disputation, which was also the first scientific work connected with the University of Tartu was compiled by professor of medicine Johannes Raicus in 1631 at the Gymnasium of Tartu. The aim of this work was evidently to encourage the regal power to transform the gymnasium into university. One can conclude that in the medical works written in Tartu between 1630 and 1656 both early modern scientific ideas on medicine as well as mythological and religious picture of medicine and its possible inventors, based on ancient authors and the Bible, are reflected. The present research also reassessed several misinterpretations concerning the medical works of the Swedish University of Tartu.
In the 17th century the University of Tartu was the easternmost university in Europe. The Swedish University of Tartu can be considered an important centre of early modern medical thought in the Eastern Europe. Although similarly with the universities of Uppsala and Turku no doctoral dissertations in the field of medicine were defended in the first part of the 17th century in Tartu, three medical disputations and two orations were held from 1630 to 1656. The aim of the present thesis is to analyse these works on the background of the medical knowledge of the first half of the 17th century following the Swedish school of history of ideas. The thesis also analyses the medical works compiled at the Gymnasium and University of Tartu from 1630 to 1656 on the background of the other works of their compilers – both professors and students. Amongst the students, who presented medical works in Tartu at that time there was only one student of medicine, the rest of them were students of theology and future clergymen. The results of the thesis display that in the medical works compiled in Tartu between 1630 and 1656 both ancient humoral pathological and early modern iatrochemical views on medicine are reflected. The scientists, who tried to combine these ideas, were appreciated as quoted authors. The first medical disputation, which was also the first scientific work connected with the University of Tartu was compiled by professor of medicine Johannes Raicus in 1631 at the Gymnasium of Tartu. The aim of this work was evidently to encourage the regal power to transform the gymnasium into university. One can conclude that in the medical works written in Tartu between 1630 and 1656 both early modern scientific ideas on medicine as well as mythological and religious picture of medicine and its possible inventors, based on ancient authors and the Bible, are reflected. The present research also reassessed several misinterpretations concerning the medical works of the Swedish University of Tartu.
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Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda lisasid (illustratsioone).
Keywords
dissertatsioonid, University of Tartu, Academia Gustaviana, meditsiiniajalugu, haridusajalugu, meditsiiniharidus, Tartu ülikool, Academia Gustaviana, 1630-1656, teadustööd, Piibel, religioon, maailmapilt, history of education, scientific publications, history of science, Bible, religion, world view, medical education