Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Estonia. Brain activation in the acute phase of traumatic spinal cord injury
Failid
Kuupäev
2013-06-20
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Seljaajutrauma (SAT) korral saavad seljaajus paiknevad närvirakud otseselt või kaudselt kahjustada. Suurel osal patsientidest jääb seetõttu eluaegne täielik või osaline jalgade ja/või käte halvatus ning tundlikkushäired, sest kahjustunud närvirakud seljaajus ei taastu endisele tasemele.
SAT invaliidistab maailmas igal aastal üle saja tuhande inimese. SAT haigestumuskordajad erinevad riigiti. Arenenud riikide haigestumuskordajad on arenguriikidest suuremad ning seda seletatakse andmete erineva kättesaadavuse, meditsiinilise abi taseme ning üldise erineva elukvaliteediga. Eestis saab igal aastal SAT 39,7 isikut 1 000 000 inimese kohta ehk umbes 50 inimest aastas. Euroopas on see suurim haigestumus. Eestis on ohviteks noored 16–30-aastased mehed, kes kukuvad kõrgusest või saavad viga autoavariis. Oluline traumapõhjus on noortel ka sporditrauma, millest 90% on tingitud sukeldumisest. Selgub, et Eestis on peaaegu pooled patsiendid trauma saamise ajal alkohoolses joobes.
SAT järel hakkab organism oodatust kiiremini vananema. Kuna häiruvad paljud füsioloogilised protsessid, esineb neil patsientidel palju traumajärgseid tüsistusi ning suurem suremus võrreldes tervete isikutega. Eestis sureb trauma järel naisi rohkem kui mehi. Suremus on suurim esimesel traumajärgsel aastal. Peamisteks surmapõhjusteks on välised põhjused, sepsis ja südame-veresoonkonnahaigused. Kahjuks on SAT-patsientide hulgas suur ka enesetappude hulk.
SAT järel tekivad olulised muutused ja ümberkorraldused ka peaajus. Peaaju aktivatsioonimuster muutub selle järgi, kas patsient paraneb või mitte. Uurimistöö tulemusel selgus, et paranejatel on esimestel traumajärgsetel kuudel peaajukoore aktivatsioon laialdasem ja intensiivsem kui mitteparanejatel. Seetõttu võib arvata, et funktsionaalne magnetresonantstomograafiline uuring, millega saab aju aktivatsioonimustrit uurida, on SAT-patsientide paranemise võimalik ennustaja.
SAT-ravi tänapäeval puudub, seega on tähtsaim ennetus.
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is either a direct or an indirect damage to the nerve cells in the spinal cord. According to the height of the lesion, the clinical picture is variable. Injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region is associated with loss of muscle strenght and/or sensibility in all four extremities. Injury to the lower spinal cord causes loss of strenght and/or sensibility only in legs. Every year more than 100,000 people acquire TSCI around the world. The reported incidence is the highest in the United States and the lowest in the Netherlands. The incidence of TSCI is 39.7 per million population in Estonia, which means that almost 50 individuals sustain TSCI every year in Estonia. The incidence is unfortunately one of the highest in Europe. The rates are significantly higher for men compared with women and especially among the youngest men (age-group 16 to 30 years). The leading cause of TSCI are falls, followed by motor vehicle accidents and diving. A significant proportion of injuries are related to alcohol consumption before trauma in Estonia. As the time passes, the accelerated aging is taking place in those with TSCI. This is particulary evident in musculoskeletal, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. Life expectancy is significantly decreased in TSCI patients in Estonia compared with the general population. During the first year, the leading underlying causes of death were external causes of injury, cardiovascular diseases and different infections. Later, the cardiovascular diseases became predominant, followed by suicides. TSCI does not affect the brain, although changes in brain function have been identified by different studies. Our study found broadening of cortical activation and a shift of the centre of gravity during the first year after TSCI depending on the recovery. These results show that during the first post-TSCI year, compensatory changes of brain function will take place. We suggest that the results offer unique evidence for the usefulness of functional magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor for outcome after TSCI. As there is no cure for TSCI today, prevention is very important.
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is either a direct or an indirect damage to the nerve cells in the spinal cord. According to the height of the lesion, the clinical picture is variable. Injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region is associated with loss of muscle strenght and/or sensibility in all four extremities. Injury to the lower spinal cord causes loss of strenght and/or sensibility only in legs. Every year more than 100,000 people acquire TSCI around the world. The reported incidence is the highest in the United States and the lowest in the Netherlands. The incidence of TSCI is 39.7 per million population in Estonia, which means that almost 50 individuals sustain TSCI every year in Estonia. The incidence is unfortunately one of the highest in Europe. The rates are significantly higher for men compared with women and especially among the youngest men (age-group 16 to 30 years). The leading cause of TSCI are falls, followed by motor vehicle accidents and diving. A significant proportion of injuries are related to alcohol consumption before trauma in Estonia. As the time passes, the accelerated aging is taking place in those with TSCI. This is particulary evident in musculoskeletal, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. Life expectancy is significantly decreased in TSCI patients in Estonia compared with the general population. During the first year, the leading underlying causes of death were external causes of injury, cardiovascular diseases and different infections. Later, the cardiovascular diseases became predominant, followed by suicides. TSCI does not affect the brain, although changes in brain function have been identified by different studies. Our study found broadening of cortical activation and a shift of the centre of gravity during the first year after TSCI depending on the recovery. These results show that during the first post-TSCI year, compensatory changes of brain function will take place. We suggest that the results offer unique evidence for the usefulness of functional magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor for outcome after TSCI. As there is no cure for TSCI today, prevention is very important.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
seljaajutraumad, epidemioloogia, peaaju, neurofüsioloogia, magnetresonantstomograafia, spinal cord injuries, epidemiology, brain, neurophysiology, magnetic resonance imaging