Occupational and income mobility during post-socialist transformation of 1991–2004 in Estonia
Date
2013-11-06
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Abstract
Endisi sotsialismibloki riike, kus on viimase 20 aasta jooksul toimunud väga kiired ühiskondlikud muutused, nähakse sageli kui loomulikku eksperimenti ja seetõttu on nende ühiskondade uurimine köitnud paljude sotsiaalteadlaste huvi. Üks võimalus ühiskonnas toimunud muutuste uurimiseks on teha seda sotsiaalse mobiilsuse uurimise kaudu. Antud doktoritöö võtab vaatluse alla siirdeperioodi etapid 1991-1997 ja 1997-2004 Eestis.
Siirde algus on eriline periood, sel ajal olid teistsugused võimalused võrreldes varasema või hilisema ajaga. Esimest perioodi iseloomustasid paremad võimalused kõrgematele positsioonidele jõudmiseks ka keskmistest kihtidest pärit (ema ameti järgi) meeste jaoks. Esimesel perioodil on kõigil meestel, kellel on valgekraedest emad (juhid, professionaalid või madalamates kihtides olevad valgekraed) suurem tõenäosus olla juht võrreldes töölisemade poegadega; samas kui naistel on sellel perioodil juhiks olemiseks suurem tõenäosus vaid siis, kui ka nende emad olid juhid. Teisel perioodil liiguvad nii mehed kui ka naised kihtidesse, kus olid nende emad. Samuti on esimene periood justkui erilise tõuke andja nende inimeste jaoks, kes oskavad teha õigel ajal õigeid asju. Näiteks need, kel oli lisatöökoht 1990ndate alguses, on teistest kõrgema sissetulekuga ka teise perioodi lõpus. Õige tegutsemine sõltus sageli inimese soost, meeste ja naiste puhul tagasid jõudmise kõrgematesse kihtidesse erinevad tegevused. Meeste puhul olid tipukihtidesse jõudmisel olulised isikuomadused ja aktiivne tegutsemine esimesel perioodil; samas kui naiste puhul tõi selles osas edu just erialaste teadmiste täiendamine ja kaasajastamine siirdeperioodi alguses. Seega võiks öelda, et mehed ja naised pidid kasutama erinevaid strateegiaid, et jõuda välja sarnasesse kohta ühiskondlikus struktuuris: naiste puhul tõi edu haridusse panustamine, meeste puhul aktiivne tegutsemine tööturul.
Post-socialist societies with rapid societal changes have sometimes been seen as natural experiments and are therefore subjects of interest for many social scientists. The current dissertation focuses on the occupational and income mobility that occurred during the post-socialist transformation in Estonia and compares two periods: 1991-1997 and 1997-2004. The results show that the first period offered more equal access to top positions and being a “window of opportunity” for certain actions that pay off later, while the second period showed unexpected links compared to the first period. The two periods studied differ in three ways. First, there is at least one process where greater equality occurred during the first period, compared to the second. The sons of all white-collar mothers had a higher probability to become managers (compared to the sons of workers). The second period showed a much closer connection between the strata of mothers and that of their offspring, both for men and women. Second, the first period was the time when certain actions taken paid off, predicting being in higher strata during the second period or having higher income. These actions were extra jobs and only for women keeping their skills and education up to date by participating in professional courses. Third, during the last period some links appeared that were missing during the first. For example, there was no connection between secondary school type and occupation during the first period, but this connection appeared again during the second period. As already mentioned above, the link between generations became tighter. During the second period the positions of both men and women resembled their mothers’ position more than during the first period.
Post-socialist societies with rapid societal changes have sometimes been seen as natural experiments and are therefore subjects of interest for many social scientists. The current dissertation focuses on the occupational and income mobility that occurred during the post-socialist transformation in Estonia and compares two periods: 1991-1997 and 1997-2004. The results show that the first period offered more equal access to top positions and being a “window of opportunity” for certain actions that pay off later, while the second period showed unexpected links compared to the first period. The two periods studied differ in three ways. First, there is at least one process where greater equality occurred during the first period, compared to the second. The sons of all white-collar mothers had a higher probability to become managers (compared to the sons of workers). The second period showed a much closer connection between the strata of mothers and that of their offspring, both for men and women. Second, the first period was the time when certain actions taken paid off, predicting being in higher strata during the second period or having higher income. These actions were extra jobs and only for women keeping their skills and education up to date by participating in professional courses. Third, during the last period some links appeared that were missing during the first. For example, there was no connection between secondary school type and occupation during the first period, but this connection appeared again during the second period. As already mentioned above, the link between generations became tighter. During the second period the positions of both men and women resembled their mothers’ position more than during the first period.
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Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
ametialane liikuvus, postsotsialistlik ühiskond, sotsiaalsed muutused, Eesti, 1990-ndad, 2000-ndad, occupational mobility, postsocial society, social changes, Estonia, 1990s, 2000s