Diversification and species delimitation of lichenized fungi in selected groups of the family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota)
Kuupäev
2016-09-07
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Eluslooduse süsteemi põhiühik on liik, kuid seni pole õnnestunud rakendada ühesuguseid liigikriteeriume kogu eluslooduse mitmekesisusele. Ebapüsiv või ekslik taksonoomia võib põhjustada isegi mittevajalikke rahalisi kulutusi, näiteks kaitsealuste, invasiivsete või patogeensete liikide piiritlemisel või valestimääramisel. Samblikud on sümbiootilised organismid, koosnedes vähemalt kahest komponendist – seenest ning selle sees elavast ja fotosünteesivast rohevetikast ja/või tsüanobakterist. Süstemaatiliselt käsitletakse samblike seentena, mis toituvad oma partneri fotosünteesiproduktist. Mitmeid samblike saab kasutada keskkonna kvaliteedi hindamiseks, kuid paljude liikide määramine on jätkuvalt keeruline ning nende piirid ebaselged. Pärilikkusaine ehk DNA uuringud võimaldavad liigikontseptsioonide ning liigipiiride ühtlustamist, rakendades liigile ühise eellase (monofüleetilisuse) kriteeriumit. Uurisin oma doktoritöös sugulussuhted ning liikide piiritlemist kolmes sambliku moodustava seene rühmas, kasutades morfoloogilisi, keemilisi, anatoomilisi ja geneetilisi tunnuseid. Lisaks küsisin, kas samblike on võimalik määrata kasutades DNA järjestusi. Oma töös leidsin, et paljud morfoloogiliste tunnuste alusel kirjeldatud samblikud ei esinda jätkuvalt loomulikke, geneetiliselt eristunud liike ning seetõttu vajavad taksonoomilist korrastamist. Rebasesamblikud ja habesamblikud sektsioonist Usnea esindavad hiljuti lahknenud noorte liikide komplekse, mida iseloomustavad konfliktne geneetiline info ja ebaselged liigipiirid. Tõestasin, et sellistes rühmades on põhjendatud uudsete liigipuu ja liikide piiritlemise meetodite kasutamine. Helksamblike liigid on seevastu hästi eristunud ning kasutatavad tunnused valdavalt asjakohased. Uurimus näitas, et isendite üldine haabitus ja paljunemisviis ei pruugi olla piisavad nende samblike õigeks määramiseks ning lisaks tuleks uurida samblike keemiat ja kasutada DNA infot.
Species is a fundamental unit in biology but debate continues over boundaries, numbers of species, and identification methods. Unstable or erroneous taxonomy can even have financial ramifications when, for example, protected, invasive, or pathogenic species are falsely identified or delimited. Lichens are systematically considered as mostly sac fungi that are able to form intimate and long-term symbiotic associations with photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Lichens are known for their tolerance for extreme conditions in arctic areas, and at the same time, for their vulnerability – many lichens can be used as bio-indicators in monitoring environmental quality. However, accurate identification of lichenized fungal species remains challenging due to complex diagnostic characters and unsettled species boundaries in many groups. In my doctorate thesis I studied species boundaries and evolutionary relationships in lichenized fungal genera Cetrelia, Usnea section Usnea, and Vulpicida. Also I attempted to identify lichenized fungal species using DNA sequences, and estimate its usage and accuracy. I found that many taxa of lichen fungi are still in need of taxonomic revision. The genera Vulpicida and Usnea section Usnea represent recently diverged species complexes with conflicting genetic signal and unclear species relationships. Here, I established that using novel species tree and species delimitation methods should be preferred over traditional gene tree approach. Cetrelia, on the other hand, represented a lengthier evolutionary history, with relatively well-circumscribed species and justified diagnostic characters. I found that the general appearance of specimens and their reproductive mode might not always be sufficient in delimiting genetically isolated fungal lineages. DNA-based identification could be used as an alternative species identification method but is efficient in a system of well-circumscribed taxa and a high-quality reference database.
Species is a fundamental unit in biology but debate continues over boundaries, numbers of species, and identification methods. Unstable or erroneous taxonomy can even have financial ramifications when, for example, protected, invasive, or pathogenic species are falsely identified or delimited. Lichens are systematically considered as mostly sac fungi that are able to form intimate and long-term symbiotic associations with photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Lichens are known for their tolerance for extreme conditions in arctic areas, and at the same time, for their vulnerability – many lichens can be used as bio-indicators in monitoring environmental quality. However, accurate identification of lichenized fungal species remains challenging due to complex diagnostic characters and unsettled species boundaries in many groups. In my doctorate thesis I studied species boundaries and evolutionary relationships in lichenized fungal genera Cetrelia, Usnea section Usnea, and Vulpicida. Also I attempted to identify lichenized fungal species using DNA sequences, and estimate its usage and accuracy. I found that many taxa of lichen fungi are still in need of taxonomic revision. The genera Vulpicida and Usnea section Usnea represent recently diverged species complexes with conflicting genetic signal and unclear species relationships. Here, I established that using novel species tree and species delimitation methods should be preferred over traditional gene tree approach. Cetrelia, on the other hand, represented a lengthier evolutionary history, with relatively well-circumscribed species and justified diagnostic characters. I found that the general appearance of specimens and their reproductive mode might not always be sufficient in delimiting genetically isolated fungal lineages. DNA-based identification could be used as an alternative species identification method but is efficient in a system of well-circumscribed taxa and a high-quality reference database.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Märksõnad
lapiksamblikulised, liigid, taksonoomia, fülogenees, fülogeneetilised suhted, molekulaarevolutsioon, Parmeliaceae, species, taxonomy, phylogeny, phylogenetic relationships, molecular evolution