Economic conditions and incumbent support: when and how does the economy matter?
Kuupäev
2016-10-18
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Akadeemilisest kirjandusest on teada, et majanduse ja valimistulemuste vahel on tugev seos. Valijad peavad võimulolijaid riigi majanduse eest vastutavaks: valitsusparteide toetus kasvab, kui majandus kosub, ning kannatab, kui majandusel läheb kehvasti. Paraku ei ole aga kõikide valimiste tulemused ühtmoodi majandusest tingitud. Majanduslik hääletamine esineb sageli, kuid mitte alati ega igal pool, ja pole päris selge, miks see nii on. Hiljutine finants- ja majanduskriis näitas selgelt nende kahe nähtuse vahelise seose ebastabiilsust. Kriisi ajal koges valdav enamik läänemaailma riikidest sügavat majanduslangust, mis klassikalistest teooriatest lähtudes peaks viima tõsiste poliitiliste tagajärgedeni. Mitmed Euroopa valitsusparteid saidki valimistel armutult lüüa, ent mitmetel teistel õnnestus oma positsioon säilitada või seda isegi tugevdada. Majandusliku hääletamise ebastabiilsus oli ka selle väitekirja kirjutamise ajendiks. Kui seost majanduse ja valimiste vahel ei eksisteeri, siis on valijate võimalused võimulolijaid majandustulemuste eest vastutavaks pidada piiratud, mis omakorda jätab viimastele vabad käed ellu viia neile sobivaid poliitikaid, isegi kui need ei ole kooskõlas avaliku huviga. Kui aga demokraatliku vastutuse mehhanism toimib, siis on kodanikel võimalik osaleda otsustusprotsessides ja kaasa rääkida selles, milliseks riigi poliitikad kujunevad.
Väitekiri käsitles majanduslikku hääletamist kolmest aspektist. Esmalt uuris töö majanduse ja poliitilise toetuse vahelise seose üldist tugevust. Analüüs, mis põhines mahukal küsitlusandmestikul erinevatest Euroopa riikidest ja ajahetkedest, näitas, et majanduslikel kaalutlustel on tugev mõju valijate poliitilistele eelistustele. Riigi majanduse käekäik on arenenud riikide kodanike jaoks oluline – seda jälgitakse ja võetakse oma poliitiliste eelistuste kujundamisel arvesse. Teiseks uuris töö, mil moel mõjutas majanduslikku hääletamist finants- ja majanduskriis ja leidis, et statistiline seos majanduse ja hääletamise vahel jäi sarnasele tasemele, isegi ajal, mil Euroopat raputas viimaste aastakümnete tugevaim majanduslangus. See viitab asjaolule, et majandusliku hääletamise mehhanism on välistele šokkidele võrdlemisi immuunne. Viimaks tõi töö välja uudse dimensiooni majanduslikus hääletamises, suunates fookuse majanduspoliitikale. Analüüs näitas, et majanduskriisi järel pöörasid kodanikud fiskaalpoliitikatele enam tähelepanu kui varem, ja mitmel pool karistati valitsusparteisid karmide kärpemeetmete eest. Veelgi enam, majanduspoliitikad on tavapäraste tegurite kõrval kerkinud üheks keskseimaks teguriks, mis indiviidi valimisotsust määravad, viidates asjaolule, et majandusliku hääletamise fenomen on muutunud mitmetahulisemaks.
Academic research lends significant support to the expectation that there is a strong link between the economy and election outcomes. Voters hold incumbents responsible for the national economy: public support for governing parties drops when the economy performs poorly and increases when the economy grows. However, not all elections are determined by the economy. Economic voting is found often, but not always and not everywhere, and it remains unclear why that is. The recent financial and economic crisis has further accentuated the concerns as to the instability of economic voting. The majority of Western countries experienced steep recession, which should lead to major political consequences. Indeed, a number of governing parties witnessed landslide electoral defeat, but on several other occasions incumbents managed to maintain their position despite the unprecedented economic turmoil. The instability in economic voting was the main motivation for writing this dissertation. If the link between economic conditions and elections does not exist, then voters’ ability to assign responsibility for economic outcomes is limited, and this leaves leaders free to pursue whatever policies they please irrespective of their public consequences. However, when the mechanism of democratic accountability is in good health, then citizens maintain their ability to participate in the process of decision-making and help determine national policy. The dissertation addressed economic voting from three different aspects. Firstly, it tested the overall strength of the link between the economy and political support. The analysis, which relied on an extensive dataset of surveys across nations and over time, demonstrated, that economic considerations have a strong effect on incumbent support. Citizens regularly observe national economic outcomes and shape their electoral decisions accordingly. Secondly, the work examined the performance of economic voting in Europe in the wake of the financial and economic crisis. The findings show that the statistical relationship between the economy and voting remained remarkably constant, even after the most dramatic economic recession in our lifetime, suggesting that the economic voting mechanism is largely immune to external shocks. Finally, the dissertation revealed a new dimension of economic voting by shifting the focus onto national economic policies. Citizens paid more attention to national fiscal policies after the crisis than they did before, and on many occasions held incumbents responsible for painful austerity programs. In fact, economic policies have emerged as one of the key predictors of individual vote choice next to more conventional determinants, revealing the new and multidimensional face of economic voting.
Academic research lends significant support to the expectation that there is a strong link between the economy and election outcomes. Voters hold incumbents responsible for the national economy: public support for governing parties drops when the economy performs poorly and increases when the economy grows. However, not all elections are determined by the economy. Economic voting is found often, but not always and not everywhere, and it remains unclear why that is. The recent financial and economic crisis has further accentuated the concerns as to the instability of economic voting. The majority of Western countries experienced steep recession, which should lead to major political consequences. Indeed, a number of governing parties witnessed landslide electoral defeat, but on several other occasions incumbents managed to maintain their position despite the unprecedented economic turmoil. The instability in economic voting was the main motivation for writing this dissertation. If the link between economic conditions and elections does not exist, then voters’ ability to assign responsibility for economic outcomes is limited, and this leaves leaders free to pursue whatever policies they please irrespective of their public consequences. However, when the mechanism of democratic accountability is in good health, then citizens maintain their ability to participate in the process of decision-making and help determine national policy. The dissertation addressed economic voting from three different aspects. Firstly, it tested the overall strength of the link between the economy and political support. The analysis, which relied on an extensive dataset of surveys across nations and over time, demonstrated, that economic considerations have a strong effect on incumbent support. Citizens regularly observe national economic outcomes and shape their electoral decisions accordingly. Secondly, the work examined the performance of economic voting in Europe in the wake of the financial and economic crisis. The findings show that the statistical relationship between the economy and voting remained remarkably constant, even after the most dramatic economic recession in our lifetime, suggesting that the economic voting mechanism is largely immune to external shocks. Finally, the dissertation revealed a new dimension of economic voting by shifting the focus onto national economic policies. Citizens paid more attention to national fiscal policies after the crisis than they did before, and on many occasions held incumbents responsible for painful austerity programs. In fact, economic policies have emerged as one of the key predictors of individual vote choice next to more conventional determinants, revealing the new and multidimensional face of economic voting.
Kirjeldus
Märksõnad
valimised, tulemused, majandus, mõjud, elections, results, economy, impacts