Ribosome Degradation in Living Bacteria
Kuupäev
2017-05-09
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Ribosoomid on makromolekulaarsed kompleksid, mis koosnevad kahest suurest ja ühest väikesest RNAst ja paljudest erinevatest valkudest. Ribosoomides sünteesitakse kõik valgud, mida organismis leida võib, ning aktiivsete ribsoomide konsentratsioon (ja seega sünteesi kiirus) limiteerib rakkude kasvu kiirust. Ehk teisisõnu, mida kiiremini sünteesitakse uusi ribosoome, seda kiiremini kasvab ja jaguneb ka rakk. Kuna ribosomaalse RNA süntees hõlmab ca 80% raku RNA sünteesi aktiivsusest ja ribosoomi valgud moodustavad kuni veerandi raku valgumassist on selge, et mitte ainult ribosoomide funktsioon valgusünteesil vaid ka nende metabolism on rakulises majapidamises määrava tähtsusega. Tõepoolest, juba mõnda aega on teada, et aeglaselt kasvavates bakterirakkudes tegeleb enamus raku RNA lagundamise võimekusest värskelt sünteesitud ribosomaalse RNA lagundamisega. Sellegipoolest on viimase 50 aasta vältel üldiselt usutud, et kord juba valmis tehtud ja kokku pakitud ribosoomid on äärmiselt stabiilsed ning, et neid lagundatakse vaid tugeva stressi tingimustes. Samuti on meie teadmised ribosoomide lagundamise molekulaarsetest mehhanismidest bakteris üsnagi piiratud.
Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärk on kirjeldada ribosoomide lagundamist kasvavates soolekepikese (Escherichia coli) rakkudes ja heita valgust ribsoomide lagundamise mehhanismidele, molekulaarsetele radadele ning ensüümidele, mis selles protsessis osalevad. Me avastasime üllatusega, et kuigi ribosoome tõepoolest lagundatakse kasvavates bakterirakkudes, toimub see protsess vaid rakukultuuri kasvu aeglustumise perioodil, mis eelneb statsionaarse kasvufaasi saabumisele. Meil ei õnnestunud tuvastada küpsete ribosoomide lagundamist ei ühtlase kiirusega kasvavates ega ka null-kiirusega kasvavates rakkudes. Võimalik, et ribosoomide lagundamine aitab rakke neid ette valmistades eluks statsionaarses faasis, mil ei vajata suurt valgusünteesi võimekust, küll aga vabu komponente, millest elutingimuste paranedes kiiresti uusi makromolekule tootma hakata.
Lisaks leidsime, et osad (kuid mitte kõik) ribosoomi RNAd inaktiveerivad mutatsioonid viivad samuti ribsoomide lagundamisele, kuid miskipärast lagundatakse siis nii mutantseid ning inaktiivseid kui metsiktüüpi ning aktiivseid ribosoome. Jällegi viitab see, et ribsoomide lagundamise eesmärk võiks olla üldise ribosoomide konsentratsiooni alandamine rakus. Kui me lisasime ribsoomide lagundamise katsesüsteemi valgusünteesi pärssivat antibiootikumi kloramfenikool, päästsime me sellega ribosoomid lagundamisest. Seda tulemust võib tõlgendada viisil, et de novo valgusüntees on vajalik ribosoomide lagundamisprogrammi käivitamiseks rakus.
Testides ribosoomide lagundamise võime osas bakteritüvesid, kus puuduvad erinevad RNAd lagundavad ensüümid, leidsime kaks ensüümi, mille puudumise korral ribosoome ei lagundatud. Neist esimene, RNaas R, lõhub RNAsid alates nende tagumisest ehk 3’ otsast ning tunneb erilist lõbu kõrge sekundaarstruktuuriga RNA-de hävitamisest. RNaas R on ka eelnevalt näidatud osalevat ribosoomide lagundamisel. Teine ensüüm on seevastu suhteliselt vähetuntud endoribonukleeas nimega YbeY, mis lõikab RNAd katki keskelt, mitte ei lagunda seda otstest. See huvitav valk on arvatud osalevat ribsoomide kokkupakkimise kvaliteedikontrollil, kus ta on vajalik kõige viimases etapis, mil tuntakse ära valgusünteesil ebaõnnestuvad ribosoomid ja suunatakse need lagundamisse. Meie katsed viitavad, et seesama valk võib valla päästa ka töökorras olevate ribosoomide lagundamise, tehes ribosoomi RNAsse esimese lõike ning tekitades sellega kaitsetu 3’ otsa, mida tunneb ära RNaas R, mis omakorda suudab ribosoomi RNA täielikult lagundada
Ribosomes are macromolecular complexes that consist of two large and one small RNA and of many different small proteins. The ribosome synthesizes all cellular proteins and the concentration of active ribosomes is rate limiting for cell growth. As synthesis or ribosomal RNA encompasses 80% of cellular RNA synthesis activity and the ribosomal proteins can make up half of the cellular protein mass, it is clear that ribosomal metabolism, including ribosomal degradation, makes a worthy object of study. Nevertheless, during the past half century it has been widely believed that mature ribosomes are quite stable in the cells. The major goal of this dissertation is to describe the degradation of mature ribosomes in growing E. coli cells and to shed light on the molecular mechanism of degradation. We discovered that while mature ribosomes are indeed degraded in cells growing in batch cultures, this process is limited to the slowing of growth phase, which precedes entry into the stationary phase. We were unable to detect degradation during constant-rate growth and during early stationary phase. In addition, we found that some, but not all, ribosome-inactivating mutations in 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA led to degradation of both mutant and wild-type ribosomal RNAs. Thus, unlike in yeast, the ribosome degradation in E. coli is a general process that, once initiated, does not discriminate between active and inactive ribosomes. As ribosome degradation is inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol, we further suggest that de novo protein synthesis might be needed for triggering the degradation program. To pinpoint the enzymes responsible for degradation we tested several strains defective for different RNases. We found two RNases, RNaseR and YbeY, whose deletion saved ribosomes from degradation. RNaseR is a well studied 3’ to 5’ exonuclease whose role in degrading heavily structured RNAs, including the rRNAs, is well established. In contrast YbeY is a potential endonuclease recently implicated in a late step ribosomal quality control, which could well be the initiating endonuclease, whose cut(s) in rRNA would present substrates for RNaseR to further scavenge into mononucleotides.
Ribosomes are macromolecular complexes that consist of two large and one small RNA and of many different small proteins. The ribosome synthesizes all cellular proteins and the concentration of active ribosomes is rate limiting for cell growth. As synthesis or ribosomal RNA encompasses 80% of cellular RNA synthesis activity and the ribosomal proteins can make up half of the cellular protein mass, it is clear that ribosomal metabolism, including ribosomal degradation, makes a worthy object of study. Nevertheless, during the past half century it has been widely believed that mature ribosomes are quite stable in the cells. The major goal of this dissertation is to describe the degradation of mature ribosomes in growing E. coli cells and to shed light on the molecular mechanism of degradation. We discovered that while mature ribosomes are indeed degraded in cells growing in batch cultures, this process is limited to the slowing of growth phase, which precedes entry into the stationary phase. We were unable to detect degradation during constant-rate growth and during early stationary phase. In addition, we found that some, but not all, ribosome-inactivating mutations in 23S rRNA and 16S rRNA led to degradation of both mutant and wild-type ribosomal RNAs. Thus, unlike in yeast, the ribosome degradation in E. coli is a general process that, once initiated, does not discriminate between active and inactive ribosomes. As ribosome degradation is inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol, we further suggest that de novo protein synthesis might be needed for triggering the degradation program. To pinpoint the enzymes responsible for degradation we tested several strains defective for different RNases. We found two RNases, RNaseR and YbeY, whose deletion saved ribosomes from degradation. RNaseR is a well studied 3’ to 5’ exonuclease whose role in degrading heavily structured RNAs, including the rRNAs, is well established. In contrast YbeY is a potential endonuclease recently implicated in a late step ribosomal quality control, which could well be the initiating endonuclease, whose cut(s) in rRNA would present substrates for RNaseR to further scavenge into mononucleotides.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
ribosoomid, lagundamine, bakterid, Escherichia coli, ribonukleaasid, ribosomes, decomposition, bacteria, ribonucleases