Consequences of supplementary feeding of wild boar – concern for ground-nesting birds and endoparasite infection
Failid
Kuupäev
2017-06-29
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Metssiga on sigalaste sugukonna kõige levinum liik, kelle arvukus tõusis oluliselt XX sajandi teisel poolel – muutus, mida on seostatud nii põllumajanduse üha jätkuva intensiivistumise kui laialt levinud lisasöötmisega. Kuna metssead on kõigesööjad, võib nende kõrge asustustihedusega kaasneda oht teistele loomadele, eelkõige maaspesitsevatele lindudele, kelle arvukus on langenud nii elupaiga vähenemise kui kiskluse tõttu. Lisaks võivad metssead mängida olulist rolli haiguspuhangutes, sest nad on reservuaariks paljudele kodu- ja metsloomadel levinud haigustele. Selle doktoritöö eesmärk oli uurida metssigade lisasöötmise võimalikke tagajärgi maaspesitsevatele lindudele ja metssigade nakatumisele siseparasiitidega, sest kõrge metssigade asustustihedus ja tihenenud kontakt liigikaaslastega söötmiskohtades võivad soodustada mitmesuguste haiguste levikut.
Käesolevas töös oli lisasöötmisel metssigade arvukuse määramisel põhiroll ja söötmiskohtadest pärit teravili oli üks olulisemaid toiduallikaid ka soojal aastaajal, mil madal temperatuur ja paks lumikate ei takista loodusliku toidu kättesaamist. Kuid vaatamata sellele, et metssigadel oli võimalik tarbida lisasööta, rüüstasid nad metsas elavate kanaliste pesi ja murdsid noori tibusid ning metssigade ja kiskjate koondumine söötmiskohtade ümber tõstis maaspesitsevate lindude kisklusriski. Lisaks näitasid töös rakendatud uudse molekulaarse meetodi tulemused, et morfoloogilisel määramisel põhinev toitumisanalüüs väljaheidetest, mis on senistes toitumisuuringutes enim kasutatud meetod, alahindab lindude osakaalu metssea toidus, mistõttu võib ka varasemates töödes lindude esinemine olla alahinnatud. Lisaks maaspesitsevate lindude rüüsteriski tõstmisele mõjutas lisasöötmine ka metssigade nakatumist siseparasiitidega nii otseselt kui kaudselt läbi arvukuse kasvu. Söötmiskohad olid muutunud kopsuussidega nakatumise keskusteks ning pinnase kaudu levivate parasiitidega nakatumist soosis üleüldiselt suurenenud metssigade asustustihedust. Metssea majandamisel tuleks neid soovimatuid kõrvalmõjusid kindlasti arvesse võtta
Eurasian wild boar is the most widespread species of the Suidae family and its populations increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century – a change that has been largely associated with the continuing spread of agriculture, as well as the widespread practice of supplementary feeding. However, due to its omnivorous diet, high population density of wild boar can have disastrous effects on other animals, particularly on ground-nesting birds, whose populations have suffered from loss of habitat as well as predation.Wild boar can also play an important role in disease outbreaks as a reservoir of various pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic animals. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the potential consequences of supplementary feeding of wild boar for ground-nesting birds and wild boar infection with endoparasites, because increased overall abundance of wild boar and increased contact rates at feeding sites can promote the spread of various diseases. In this study, supplementary feeding had a key role in determining wild boar abundance and grain from feeding sites constituted a major food category even in the warm season, when food availability was not hindered by low temperatures and deep snow. However, despite having access to supplemental food, wild boar acted as a predator of nests and chicks of forest grouse and the concentration of wild boar and other predators near feeding sites resulted in locally increased predation risk for ground-nesting birds. What is more, the novel molecular method applied in this study revealed that faecal diet analysis based on morphology, which is still a popular method in diet studies, underestimates the proportion of bird in wild boar diet, indicating that previous studies might suffer from the same error. In addition to its contribution to increased predation of ground-nesting birds, supplementary feeding was shown to influence endoparasite infection in wild boar both directly and indirectly through increased abundance. Supplementary feeding sites had become hot-spots for acquiring lungworm infection and parasites with a direct life cycle benefited from the overall high host abundance. These unwanted effects should be reckoned with in wild boar management
Eurasian wild boar is the most widespread species of the Suidae family and its populations increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century – a change that has been largely associated with the continuing spread of agriculture, as well as the widespread practice of supplementary feeding. However, due to its omnivorous diet, high population density of wild boar can have disastrous effects on other animals, particularly on ground-nesting birds, whose populations have suffered from loss of habitat as well as predation.Wild boar can also play an important role in disease outbreaks as a reservoir of various pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic animals. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the potential consequences of supplementary feeding of wild boar for ground-nesting birds and wild boar infection with endoparasites, because increased overall abundance of wild boar and increased contact rates at feeding sites can promote the spread of various diseases. In this study, supplementary feeding had a key role in determining wild boar abundance and grain from feeding sites constituted a major food category even in the warm season, when food availability was not hindered by low temperatures and deep snow. However, despite having access to supplemental food, wild boar acted as a predator of nests and chicks of forest grouse and the concentration of wild boar and other predators near feeding sites resulted in locally increased predation risk for ground-nesting birds. What is more, the novel molecular method applied in this study revealed that faecal diet analysis based on morphology, which is still a popular method in diet studies, underestimates the proportion of bird in wild boar diet, indicating that previous studies might suffer from the same error. In addition to its contribution to increased predation of ground-nesting birds, supplementary feeding was shown to influence endoparasite infection in wild boar both directly and indirectly through increased abundance. Supplementary feeding sites had become hot-spots for acquiring lungworm infection and parasites with a direct life cycle benefited from the overall high host abundance. These unwanted effects should be reckoned with in wild boar management
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
metssiga, söötmine, arvukus, populatsioonidünaamika, parasitoosid, kanalised, ulukikahjustused, jahimajandus, wild boar, animal feeding, abundance, population dynamics, parasitic diseases, galliforms, wild animal damages, hunting industry