Pastorid ja kirjakultuur: kristliku humanismi variatsioonidest Eesti- ja Liivimaal XVII sajandi esimesel poolel
Kuupäev
2018-01-30
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
XVII sajand on Eesti intellektuaalse ajaloo jaoks kõige sügavama mõjuga perioode. Humanistlikus vaimus rajati gümnaasiumid Tallinnasse ja Tartusse, järgnes Tartu ülikooli asutamine 1632. XVII sajandi esimesel poolel hakkas välja kujunema ka eesti kirjakeel, eeskätt tänu kirikukirjanduse arendamisele ja piiblitõlkimisele, mis vajas eesti keele kirjeldamist ja analüüsimist keeleõpikutes. Ent Eesti ajaloo uurimises on XVII sajand saavutanud oma tähendusele vastava mahu ja mitmekülgsuse alles viimase kolmekümne aasta jooksul. Väitekirjas kirjeldatakse ja analüüsitakse, kuidas ja miks on toimunud kõigest ühe inimpõlve jooksul muutused Eesti- ja Liivimaal kirjutatud juhuluule ning esimeste eesti keele grammatikate uurimises. Esimese eestikeelse luuletuse (1637) autori Reiner Brockmanni kirjaliku pärandi koondamine uusväljaandeks „Teosed“ (2000) on võimaldanud tema ladina-, saksa-, kreeka- ja eestikeelseid luuletusi tõlgendada laiemas humanistlikus paradigmas. Esimese lõunaeesti keele grammatika (1648; kirjutatud ladina keeles) autori Johannes Gutslaffi keelelised vaated võimaldavad ka tema paigutada humanistliku keelemõistmise paradigmasse, ent hea filoloogiline ettevalmistus võimaldab tal teha ka originaalseid tähelepanekuid eesti keele kohta, võrreldes talle varem tuntud keeltega. Siiski ei lase humanistlik käsitus haridusest ja tollasest teaduste süsteemist põhjendada kõiki jooni XVII sajandi Eesti- ja Liivimaa vaimuelus. Nii nagu Gutslaffi saab vormiliselt siduda grammatikakirjutuse ajaloo nähtusega, mida nimetatakse misjonilingvistikaks, nii kannab ta oma teoloogilistes vaadetes edasi Martin Lutheri arusaamu keelest ja haridusest. Lutheri keelekäsituses sisaldub immanentselt üldise emakeelse rahvahariduse idee, mida eelnevas humanismis ei leia, aga mis on eesti kultuuri seisukohalt osutunud üheks kõige mõjukamaks ideeks. Sellest lähtuvalt jõutakse väitekirjas seisukohale, et eesti kirjakultuuri rajamist selle erinevates vormides XVII sajandi esimesel poolel on õigustatud vaadelda kristliku humanismi luterlike variatsioonidena.
The 17th century was a period of strongest influence on Estonian intellectual history. Gymnasiums were established in Tallinn and Tartu in humanist spirit, the founding of the University of Tartu followed in 1632. Estonian literary language began developing in the first half of the 17th century, mainly due to developments in ecclesiastical literature and Bible translation for which describing and analysing the Estonian language in textbooks became necessary. Nevertheless, it has only been in the last three decades that research on the 17th century has reached the multilayeredness and volume proportional to its importance in Estonian history. The dissertation at hand describes and analyses how and why – over a timespan of only a single generation – considerable changes have occurred in research on occasional poetry written in Estonia and Livonia and first Estonian grammars. Systematising of the literary legacy of Reiner Brockmann, the author of the first known Estonian-language poem (1637) for his published “Opera” (2000) has made it possible to interpret his Latin, German, Greek and Estonian poetry in terms of a wider humanistic paradigm. The linguistic views of Johannes Gutslaff, the author of the first Estonian grammar (1648, written in Latin), have allowed for his placement within the humanistic language paradigm but his wide philological knowledge also allowed him to reach original conclusions regarding the Estonian language in comparison with language familiar to him beforehand. Nonetheless, a humanistic approach to education and the sciences of the time does not properly explain all the traits of the intellectual life in Estonia and Livonia in the 17th century. Much like Gutslaff can formally be associated with a historical phenomenon in grammar writing called missionary linguistics, he was also influenced by Martin Luther concepts of language and education in his theological views. The idea of vernacular education for the people is immanent in Luther’s understanding of language, something which is absent from the humanism of earlier times but has turned out to be one of the most influential ideas when it comes to Estonian culture. Drawing on this, the dissertation comes to a conclusion that it is justified to see the foundation of Estonian written culture in its various forms in the first half of the 17th century as Lutheran variations of Christian humanism.
The 17th century was a period of strongest influence on Estonian intellectual history. Gymnasiums were established in Tallinn and Tartu in humanist spirit, the founding of the University of Tartu followed in 1632. Estonian literary language began developing in the first half of the 17th century, mainly due to developments in ecclesiastical literature and Bible translation for which describing and analysing the Estonian language in textbooks became necessary. Nevertheless, it has only been in the last three decades that research on the 17th century has reached the multilayeredness and volume proportional to its importance in Estonian history. The dissertation at hand describes and analyses how and why – over a timespan of only a single generation – considerable changes have occurred in research on occasional poetry written in Estonia and Livonia and first Estonian grammars. Systematising of the literary legacy of Reiner Brockmann, the author of the first known Estonian-language poem (1637) for his published “Opera” (2000) has made it possible to interpret his Latin, German, Greek and Estonian poetry in terms of a wider humanistic paradigm. The linguistic views of Johannes Gutslaff, the author of the first Estonian grammar (1648, written in Latin), have allowed for his placement within the humanistic language paradigm but his wide philological knowledge also allowed him to reach original conclusions regarding the Estonian language in comparison with language familiar to him beforehand. Nonetheless, a humanistic approach to education and the sciences of the time does not properly explain all the traits of the intellectual life in Estonia and Livonia in the 17th century. Much like Gutslaff can formally be associated with a historical phenomenon in grammar writing called missionary linguistics, he was also influenced by Martin Luther concepts of language and education in his theological views. The idea of vernacular education for the people is immanent in Luther’s understanding of language, something which is absent from the humanism of earlier times but has turned out to be one of the most influential ideas when it comes to Estonian culture. Drawing on this, the dissertation comes to a conclusion that it is justified to see the foundation of Estonian written culture in its various forms in the first half of the 17th century as Lutheran variations of Christian humanism.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
Gutslaff, Johannes,|d?-1657, Brockmann, Reiner, 1609-1647, Luther, Martin, 1483-1546, Academia Gustaviana, kultuuriajalugu, keeleajalugu, eesti keel, kirjakeel, juhuluule, religioosne kirjandus, piiblitõlked, pastorid, teoloogia, humanism, luterlus, Eesti, Liivimaa, 17. saj. 1. pool, interdistsiplinaarsed uuringud, history of civilization, language history, Estonian language, literary language, occasional poems, religious literature, Bible translations, pastors, theology, humanism, Lutheranism, Estonia, Livonia, first half of the 17th century, interdisciplinary research