Object case variation in Estonian da-infinitive constructions
Date
2018-02-09
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Abstract
Probleemi kirjeldus.
Reeglid, mis kirjeldavad täis- ja osasihitise vastandust eesti keeles, kehtivad küllaltki järjekindlalt, kui sihitis kuulub finiitse verbivormi juurde, mitte aga siis, kui sihitis laiendab infiniitset verbivormi. Kui finiitlauses on keelekasutajal enamasti lihtne otsustada, kas sündmus on mõeldud kestva või lõpetatuna, ja sihitise kääne valitakse sellest tõlgendusest tulenevalt (vrd küpsetas õunakooki ja küpsetas õunakoogi), siis näiteks da-infinitiivi puhul on mõtestus palju hägusam: kas tahan küpsetada õunakooki või tahan küpsetada õunakoogi? Mõlemad variandid on võimalikud. See aga ei tähenda, et sihitise käände valik oleks juhuslik; isegi kui puudub selge reegel, mille järgi saab sobivaima käände valida, on igal lausel mõned olulised süntaktilis-semantilised tunnused, mis suunavad valikut, soodustades ühe või teise käände kasutust.
Doktoritöö keskendub objekti käändevalikule da-infinitiivi puhul, mis on kõige laiema kasutusalaga infiniitne verbivorm eesti keeles. Uurimuse üks põhieesmärk oli välja selgitada da-infinitiivi konstruktsioonides esineva sihitise käände valikut mõjutavad tegurid ning nende omavahelised suhted, vaadeldes lauseid, milles sihitise käände seletamiseks ei piisa objekti vormivahelduse põhireeglitest. Lisaks oli eesmärgiks võrrelda erinevaid da-infinitiiviga konstruktsioone, et näha, kuivõrd sarnased on neis sihitise käänet mõjutavate tegurite kimbud: kas kõigis konstruktsioonides ilmnevad samad tendentsid?
Tulemus ja kasutegur.
Sihitise käände varieerumine da-infinitiiviga konstruktsioonides on tihedalt seotud sõnajärjega ning sellega, kas lauses kirjeldatakse korduvat või ühekordset sündmust; osasihitis on sagedasem korduvate sündmuste puhul ning siis, kui sihitis eelneb da-infinitiivile. Lisaks võivad mõju avaldada leksikaalsed elemendid, mis ei kuulu da-infinitiiviga fraasi (vrd näiteks verbe tahtma ja otsustama; tahtis osta autot on palju vastuvõetavam kui otsustas osta autot).
Doktoritöö näitab, et tegeliku keelekasutuse selgitamiseks ei piisa „reeglitest“, tegemist on konstruktsioonidele omaste, sageli erinevate tendentsidega, kusjuures mõnes konstruktsioonis kasutatakse sihitise käändeid üsna ebajärjekindlalt. Sellise varieerumise seletamiseks tuleb keelekasutust vaadelda kui omavahel vastandlike motivatsioonide võistluse tulemust, kus on argumendid nii täis- kui ka osasihitise kasutamise poolt, kuid igas konkreetses lauses võib ainult üks kääne peale jääda. Uurimistulemused on huvipakkuvad rahvusvahelise keeleteaduse jaoks ning annavad olulist infot eesti keele uurimise, keeleõppe jm rakenduste jaoks.
Research question. The rules describing the alternation between total and partial objects in Estonian do not apply with nearly the same regularity in da¬-infinitive constructions as they do in finite clauses. In finite clauses, it is generally easy for the speaker to decide whether he/she conceptualizes an event as continuous or completed, and to choose the appropriate object case accordingly (partial object for continuous activity, total object for completed events). With da-infinitives, however, things are much less clear: does tahan küpsetada koogi/kooki (‘I want to bake a cake’) mean “I want to bake a cake (and achieve the result)” or “I want to be engaged in the activity of baking a cake”? Both are possible. However, this does not mean that the choice of object case is random; even if there is no clear rule to follow, every sentence has some essential syntactic-semantic features which push the language user in the direction of either the partial or total object. One primary aim of the thesis was to identify the factors influencing the choice of object case in da-infinitive constructions and their relative importance, looking at sentences where the standard rules for object case do not provide a sufficient explanation. In addition, the thesis compares various da-infinitive constructions, to see how similar or different they are with respect to which factors influence object case: can the same patterns be observed in all da-infinitive constructions? Results and contribution of the thesis. Object case variation in da-infinitive constructions is closely tied to word order and whether the sentence describes a repeating or non-repeating situation; the partial object is more common in the case of repeating situations and OV word order (where the object precedes the infinitive form). Moreover, different constructions feature different lexical elements, which are not part of the non-finite clause but nevertheless can exert a substantial influence on the form of the object modifying the infinitive. The thesis demonstrates that the “rules” for object case are not sufficient to explain actual language usage, as in several da-infinitive constructions object case usage is quite inconsistent. To explain such variation, it is helpful to view language usage as the product of competing motivations, with some factors supporting the use of the partial object and others the total object. The research results will be of interest to the international linguistics community and can also be applied in the teaching of Estonian as a foreign language.
Research question. The rules describing the alternation between total and partial objects in Estonian do not apply with nearly the same regularity in da¬-infinitive constructions as they do in finite clauses. In finite clauses, it is generally easy for the speaker to decide whether he/she conceptualizes an event as continuous or completed, and to choose the appropriate object case accordingly (partial object for continuous activity, total object for completed events). With da-infinitives, however, things are much less clear: does tahan küpsetada koogi/kooki (‘I want to bake a cake’) mean “I want to bake a cake (and achieve the result)” or “I want to be engaged in the activity of baking a cake”? Both are possible. However, this does not mean that the choice of object case is random; even if there is no clear rule to follow, every sentence has some essential syntactic-semantic features which push the language user in the direction of either the partial or total object. One primary aim of the thesis was to identify the factors influencing the choice of object case in da-infinitive constructions and their relative importance, looking at sentences where the standard rules for object case do not provide a sufficient explanation. In addition, the thesis compares various da-infinitive constructions, to see how similar or different they are with respect to which factors influence object case: can the same patterns be observed in all da-infinitive constructions? Results and contribution of the thesis. Object case variation in da-infinitive constructions is closely tied to word order and whether the sentence describes a repeating or non-repeating situation; the partial object is more common in the case of repeating situations and OV word order (where the object precedes the infinitive form). Moreover, different constructions feature different lexical elements, which are not part of the non-finite clause but nevertheless can exert a substantial influence on the form of the object modifying the infinitive. The thesis demonstrates that the “rules” for object case are not sufficient to explain actual language usage, as in several da-infinitive constructions object case usage is quite inconsistent. To explain such variation, it is helpful to view language usage as the product of competing motivations, with some factors supporting the use of the partial object and others the total object. The research results will be of interest to the international linguistics community and can also be applied in the teaching of Estonian as a foreign language.
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Keywords
eesti keel, grammatika, infinitiivid, Estonian language, grammar, infinitives