TNF superfamily and AIRE at the crossroads of thymic differentiation and host protection against Candida albicans infection
Kuupäev
2018-10-03
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
T-rakkude koordineeritud küpsemine tüümuses on üks kesksetest moodustest, millega hoitakse ära autoimmuunsust. Seal õpetatakse lümfotsüütidele vahet tegema kehaomastel ja võõrastel antigeenidel. Antud protsess on suuresti kontrollitud tüümuse säsi epiteelirakkude (mTEC – medullary thymic epithelial cells) poolt, mis esitavad arenevatele T-rakkudele suurt hulka koespetsiifilisi antigeene, millest paljude ekspressioon on kontrollitud Autoimmuunregulaatori (AIRE) geeni poolt.
AIRE puudulikkus põhjustab inimestel APECED-i (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy), haigust, mida iseloomustavad krooniline kandidoos, autoimmuunrünnakud sisenõrenäärmete vastu ja autoantikehad, mis neutraliseerivad mitmeid põletikulisi tsütokiine. mTEC-id ekspresseerivad AIRE-t ja seega suudavad täismahus koordineerida T-rakkude diferentseerumist ainult teatud küpsusastmes, mistõttu on tarvis uurida nende rakkude talitlust, AIRE ekspressiooni kontrollivaid mehhanisme ja erinevate APECED-i aspektide rolle haiguse sümptomaatika väljakujunemises.
Käesolevas väitekirjas on kirjeldatud olulisemaid tüümuse epiteelirakkude küpsemist suunavaid transkriptsioonilisi mehhanisme ning uuritud lähemalt signaalradu, mis kontrollivad AIRE aktivatsiooni. Leiti, et signaaliedastus läbi NF-кB retseptori aktivaatori (RANK - receptor activator of NF-κB) aktiveerib vahetult AIRE ekspressiooni läbi kanoonilise NF-κB raja ning et AIRE mängib olulist rolli mTEC-ide küpsemise suunamises, mille lõpus muunduvad mTEC-id keratiniseerunud Hassall’i kehadeks. Samuti hinnati osade APECED-i patsientides leiduvate autoantikehade võimet esile kutsuda kandidoosi. Leiti, et neutraliseerivad autoantikehad IL-22 vastu võivad potentsiaalselt olla eelsoodumusteguriks Candida infektsioonile. Kokkuvõttes avardab antud väitekiri meie teadmisi võtmemehhanismidest, mis reguleerivad erinevaid protsesse tüümuses ja on keskse tähtsusega immuuntolerantsi väljakujunemiseks.
One of the key mechanisms of preventing autoimmunity is the coordinated development of T-cells in the thymus, where developing lymphocytes are taught to differentiate between self and non-self. This process is largely under the control of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which present developing T-cells with a wide array of otherwise tissue specific antigens, a large number of which are under transcriptional control of Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE). AIRE deficiency in humans leads to APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy), a disease characterized by candidiasis, autoimmune attacks against multiple endocrine organs and autoantibodies against multiple inflammatory cytokines. Since mTECs express AIRE and are thus capable of facilitating proper T-cell development only in a short maturation window, it is necessary to understand how these cells function, what are the underlying mechanisms regulating AIRE expression as well as the pathogenic potential of various aspects of APECED. This thesis describes the key transcriptional networks associated with thymic epithelial cell functions necessary for the establishment of the thymic microenvironment and explores in detail the activation principles of AIRE in the thymic epithelium. It was determined that signalling through receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) directly induces AIRE expression through the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway and that AIRE plays an important role in coordinating the mTEC maturation process, which ends in the formation of Hassall’s corpuscles. The potential of autoantibodies against cytokines found in APECED patients to precipitate Candida infections were also assessed, where it was found that neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-22 could act as a susceptibility factor for candidiasis. All in all, this thesis expands our knowledge of the key mechanisms that regulate thymic processes central to the formation of immune tolerance.
One of the key mechanisms of preventing autoimmunity is the coordinated development of T-cells in the thymus, where developing lymphocytes are taught to differentiate between self and non-self. This process is largely under the control of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which present developing T-cells with a wide array of otherwise tissue specific antigens, a large number of which are under transcriptional control of Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE). AIRE deficiency in humans leads to APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy), a disease characterized by candidiasis, autoimmune attacks against multiple endocrine organs and autoantibodies against multiple inflammatory cytokines. Since mTECs express AIRE and are thus capable of facilitating proper T-cell development only in a short maturation window, it is necessary to understand how these cells function, what are the underlying mechanisms regulating AIRE expression as well as the pathogenic potential of various aspects of APECED. This thesis describes the key transcriptional networks associated with thymic epithelial cell functions necessary for the establishment of the thymic microenvironment and explores in detail the activation principles of AIRE in the thymic epithelium. It was determined that signalling through receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) directly induces AIRE expression through the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway and that AIRE plays an important role in coordinating the mTEC maturation process, which ends in the formation of Hassall’s corpuscles. The potential of autoantibodies against cytokines found in APECED patients to precipitate Candida infections were also assessed, where it was found that neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-22 could act as a susceptibility factor for candidiasis. All in all, this thesis expands our knowledge of the key mechanisms that regulate thymic processes central to the formation of immune tolerance.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
thymus, epithelium, tumor necrosis factor, autoantigens, autoimmune diseases, gene regulation