Teachers and learners constructing meaning in the foreign language classrooms: a study of multimodal communication in Estonian and French classes
Date
2018-10-10
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Abstract
Mis toimub? Videol ei ole heli. Ometi saan kõigest aru, mis teoksil: õpetaja naeratab, vehib juustega ja sätib oma pluusi. Ilmselgelt ta edvistab. Kuid õpilased vaatavad teda süvenenult või kirjutavad midagi paberile. No nii – sain heli korda. Õpetaja tõepoolest edvistab! Ta ütleb, et on kõige ilusam ja targem ja harukordsem! Ta teeb seda kõike pehme ninahäälega! Õpetaja näitab igal viisil, et on rahulolev iseendaga – žestidega, häälega, sõnadega! Ja õpilased – täisealised üliõpilased – ei tundu häiritud olevat.
Nüüd panen video algusest käima ja näen samu inimesi hoopis teistsuguseid tegevusi tegemas – õpetaja jagab õpilastele tõsisel ilmel paljundatud lehti, mida õpilased kohe uurima hakkavad. See tundub olevat tavapärane keeletunni algus. Õpilased õpivad prantsuse keelt. Mul on ka videod eesti keele tundidest. Kõigis tundides toimub võõrkeele õppimine.
Võõrkeeles on palju tundmatuid sõnu – neil samadel lehtedel, õpetaja jutus, kaaslaste kõnes. Mida need sõnad tähendavad? Eesti keele tundides uurivad õpilased, mida tähendavad näiteks „tõstuk“, „soo“, „mulks“, „üüratu“. Prantsuse keele tundides tuleb välja, et „remue-méninges“ tähendab ajurünnakut, „jurer“ vandumist, „vanter“… „Vanter“ – see ju tähendabki uhkustamist ja edvistamist! Õpetaja seletas õpilastele sõna tähendust ja kasutas selleks mitmeid väljendusviise.
Mul on salvestatud kaks eesti ja kaks prantsuse keele tundi. Ka õpilased seletavad sõnu kaaslastele ja kasutavad lisaks sõnadele žeste ja häält. Näiteks eesti keele tunnis teeb üks õpilane neelamishäälitsust, kui seletab sõna „lonks“. Prantsuse keele tunnis näitab üks õpilane isegi õpetajale rusikat – ta seletab sõna „colère“ – viha.
Niisiis, õpetaja ja õpilased suhtlevad multimodaalselt – kogu tähenduse loomine käib mitme väljendusvahendi abil. Sõnadega igas olukorras hakkama ei saa. Žest võib ollagi ainus väljendusvahend – kes kätt ei tõsta, ei pruugi sõna saada. Žeste ja sõnu ja hääleväljendusi on palju – mõni ütleb vaid ühe sõna, teine kasutab kõiki kolme väljendusvõimalust korraga. Kui pista vaid viivuks pea ukse vahelt sisse, siis ei pruugi aru saada, mis keeletunnis toimub. Õpilaste ja õpetaja suhtlemise mõistmiseks on vaja olla kohal vähemalt terve tunni ja veel parem, kui tean enne pisut nende päritolu, vanuse, keeleoskuse ja muu taolise kohta.
Sõna tähenduse mõistmiseks võib paberist või elektroonsest sõnaraamatust väheseks jääda. Tõlkimine on vajalik, kui sõna on täiesti tundmatu või tunnis napib aega. Siiski on see vaid üks võimalus muude sõna seletamise võimaluste hulgas. Silmast silma suhtlemisel saab inimene kasutada lisaks sõnadele žeste ja hääle väljendusvõimalusi. Kuigi analüüsitud tundides seda esile ei tulnud, ehk kasutatakse mõnes tunnis ka muusikat, värve, lõhnu või muudki tähenduse loomiseks.
Olen saanud valmis doktoritöö õpetaja ja õpilaste vahelisest multimodaalsest suhtlusest. Uurimus võttis vaatluse alla üle saja suhtlusolukorra neljast keeletunnist. Uurimuses osales kolm õpetajat ja üle kolmekümne õpilase. Iga osaleja iga nähtav ja kuuldav suhtlustegevus on kirja pandud. Nii on selgunud, et nii õpetaja kui õpilased loovad õpitavatele sõnadele tähendust ning teevad seda üheskoos mitme väljendusvahendi abil. Täpsemaid võimalusi suhtlustegevuste kasutamiseks sõnade seletamisel saavad lugeda huvilised doktoritööst ja artiklitest. Ehk saavad minu doktoritööst inspiratsiooni ka praegused ning tulevased õpetajad, et kasutada multimodaalseid suhtlusvõimalusi võõrkeele (ja miks mitte ka teiste ainete) õpetamisel.
Something is happening. The video has no sound. However, I understand all that is going on: the teacher smiles, waves her hair and adjusts her shirt. Obviously she praises herself. But the learners look at her seriously or write. So… the sound is on, now. The teacher indeed praises herself. She says that she is the prettiest and the most intelligent and rare! She does all that with the soft nasal voice. The teacher shows in every mode that she is content with herself – with gestures, voice, words! And learners – grown-up students – do not seem to be confused. Now I start the video from the beginning and I see the same people engaged in a different activity – the teacher, her face serious, distributes papers to the learners which they read immediately. It seems to be an ordinary beginning of a language class. The learners study French. I also have videos of Estonian classes. In all the classes, students are learning a foreign language. Foreign language includes many unknown words – on the papers, in the teacher’s speech, in the other learners’ expressions. What do these words mean? In Estonian classes the learners for example need to know the meaning of “soo” (swamp) or “mulks” (bubble). In French classes it turns out that “remue-méninges” means brainstorming, “jurer” swearing, “vanter”… “Vanter” – that means to praise! The teacher explained the meaning of this word and used several ways for expression. I have recorded two Estonian and two French classes. The learners also explain words to others and use gestures and vocal expression in addition to the verbal expression. For instance, in an Estonian class a learner makes the gulping sound to explain the word “lonks” – to gulp. In a French class a learner even shows a fist to the teacher – he explains the word “colère” – anger. Therefore, the teacher and the learners communicate multimodally – they create meaning by the use of several means for expression. Words cannot be used in every situation. Gesture can be the only way for expression – who does not raise a hand cannot take the turn. There are many gestures and words and vocal expressions – some may say only one word, another may use all three means for expression. If a person just peeks into the classroom for a moment, he/she may not understand what is going on. To understand the communication between the teacher and the learners the person needs to be present during the entire class and it is even better if he/she has a little knowledge about their origin, age, language skills, and other similar things beforehand. A paper or electronic dictionary may not be sufficient. Translation is necessary when the word is totally incomprehensible or the time is too short for a longer explanation. Translation is still just one means for explanation among others. Humans can use gestures and vocal expression in addition to words in face-to-face communication. Although the analyzed classes did not demonstrate it, in some classes other means – for instance, music, color, smells – may be used to create meaning for novel words. I have completed a doctoral thesis about teacher’s and learners’ multimodal communication. The study is about more than a hundred communicative situations in four language learning classes. Three teachers and over thirty learners participated in this study. Every visual and audible communicative action of every participant has been written down. This is how it becomes clear that the teacher as well as learners create meaning for novel words and they do it in collaboration by using several means for expression. More information about the use of means for expression can be found in the doctoral thesis and in the articles. The thesis can provide inspiration for the practicing and future teachers who might be interested in more deliberate multimodal communication in teaching foreign languages (and also other subjects).
Something is happening. The video has no sound. However, I understand all that is going on: the teacher smiles, waves her hair and adjusts her shirt. Obviously she praises herself. But the learners look at her seriously or write. So… the sound is on, now. The teacher indeed praises herself. She says that she is the prettiest and the most intelligent and rare! She does all that with the soft nasal voice. The teacher shows in every mode that she is content with herself – with gestures, voice, words! And learners – grown-up students – do not seem to be confused. Now I start the video from the beginning and I see the same people engaged in a different activity – the teacher, her face serious, distributes papers to the learners which they read immediately. It seems to be an ordinary beginning of a language class. The learners study French. I also have videos of Estonian classes. In all the classes, students are learning a foreign language. Foreign language includes many unknown words – on the papers, in the teacher’s speech, in the other learners’ expressions. What do these words mean? In Estonian classes the learners for example need to know the meaning of “soo” (swamp) or “mulks” (bubble). In French classes it turns out that “remue-méninges” means brainstorming, “jurer” swearing, “vanter”… “Vanter” – that means to praise! The teacher explained the meaning of this word and used several ways for expression. I have recorded two Estonian and two French classes. The learners also explain words to others and use gestures and vocal expression in addition to the verbal expression. For instance, in an Estonian class a learner makes the gulping sound to explain the word “lonks” – to gulp. In a French class a learner even shows a fist to the teacher – he explains the word “colère” – anger. Therefore, the teacher and the learners communicate multimodally – they create meaning by the use of several means for expression. Words cannot be used in every situation. Gesture can be the only way for expression – who does not raise a hand cannot take the turn. There are many gestures and words and vocal expressions – some may say only one word, another may use all three means for expression. If a person just peeks into the classroom for a moment, he/she may not understand what is going on. To understand the communication between the teacher and the learners the person needs to be present during the entire class and it is even better if he/she has a little knowledge about their origin, age, language skills, and other similar things beforehand. A paper or electronic dictionary may not be sufficient. Translation is necessary when the word is totally incomprehensible or the time is too short for a longer explanation. Translation is still just one means for explanation among others. Humans can use gestures and vocal expression in addition to words in face-to-face communication. Although the analyzed classes did not demonstrate it, in some classes other means – for instance, music, color, smells – may be used to create meaning for novel words. I have completed a doctoral thesis about teacher’s and learners’ multimodal communication. The study is about more than a hundred communicative situations in four language learning classes. Three teachers and over thirty learners participated in this study. Every visual and audible communicative action of every participant has been written down. This is how it becomes clear that the teacher as well as learners create meaning for novel words and they do it in collaboration by using several means for expression. More information about the use of means for expression can be found in the doctoral thesis and in the articles. The thesis can provide inspiration for the practicing and future teachers who might be interested in more deliberate multimodal communication in teaching foreign languages (and also other subjects).
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
words, meaning, translation and interpretation, foreign language teaching, Estonian language, French language, multimodal communication, teachers, pupils, interaction (sociology), discourse analysis