Avatud küsimused ja nende vastused eesti suulises argivestluses
Date
2019-06-28
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Abstract
Küsimused on lahutamatu osa meie igapäevaelust. Esitame küsimusi enamjaolt seepärast, et täiendada puudulikke teadmisi, näiteks küsime Kus koolis sa käid? või Kuidas sul läheb?. Need on kõige tavalisemad infoküsimused, mille puhul küsija tunneb oma teadmiste lünklikkust ning soovib neid lünki täita. Selline käsitlus on kõige levinum viis küsimuste määratlemiseks grammatikates. Tegelikkuses tehakse küsimuste abil palju muudki. Käesoleva väitekirja uurimisobjektiks on avatud küsimused. Need ei anna vastajale potentsiaalset vastust ette (nt Kus sa eile olid? – Kodus. / Koolis. / Tartus. jne) ja selliselt vastanduvad need suletud küsimustele (nt Kas sa olid eile kodus?). Väitekirja eesmärk on välja selgitada, kuidas inimesed igapäevaselt suheldes avatud küsimusi vormistavad, mida nad nendega teevad ja kuidas neile vastavad. Töö materjaliks on sõprade ja pereliikmete igapäevavestluste lindistused. Uurimistulemustest ilmneb et, avatud küsimus on igapäevasuhtluses oluline vahend: selle abil saab hankida infot, lahendada vestluses ettetulevaid suhtlusprobleeme, esitada etteheiteid, seisukohti, keelde. Töös väidan, et avatud küsimuse tüüp ja suhtluskontekst annab vihjeid vastuse ootuse kohta. Osa küsimusi eeldavad vastuseks konkreetset infokildu (nt Kus koolis sa käid?) ja osa küsimusi pikka jutustust (Kuidas sul läheb?). Vastuste ootuse muutust saab korrigeerida mitmeosaliste küsimuste abil (nt Kuidas sul läheb? Hästi jah?). Väitekirjas näitan, et keeleüksuse vorm ja funktsioon on omavahel seotud. Väitekirjas analüüsin, missuguseid suhtlusnorme inimesed järgivad ning milliseid eesmärke nad keele abil täidavad. Saadud tulemusi võrdlen teiste keelte põhjal saadud tulemustega.
Questions play a crucial part in our daily lives. We ask questions mostly in order to fill a gap in our knowledge, e.g. we ask Where do you go to school? or How are you?. These are information questions, where the questioner wants to gain new knowledge. In general, it is the most common way to define questions in grammars. However, in real life, questions are used for a wide range of social actions. The subject of the dissertation is open questions, i.e. Wh-questions. Wh-questions do not provide a potential answer (e.g. Where were you yesterday? – At home. / At school. / In Tartu. etc.) and these are in opposite with closed questions (e.g. Were you at home yesterday?). The aim of the dissertation is to find out how interactants formulate Wh-questions in everyday interaction, what interactants want to implement with them and how these questions are responded to. The data come from everyday conversations between friends and family members. The results reveal that the Wh-question is an important language tool: it is used in order to request for information; solve hearing and understanding problems; perform reproaches, challenges, prohibitions; etc. In the dissertation I claim that the Wh-question type and the surrounding context give a hint for the response type. Some questions expect a specific piece of information (e.g. Where do you go to school?) and some questions expect a longer telling (e.g. How are you?). A questioner can modify the expectation of the response by providing multi-unit questions (e.g. How are you? Are you fine?). In the dissertation I demonstrate that the format of the language device is connected with its function. In the dissertation I analyze what kind of social norms interactants follow and what kind of goals they accomplish by using language. I compare the results with previous research findings from other languages.
Questions play a crucial part in our daily lives. We ask questions mostly in order to fill a gap in our knowledge, e.g. we ask Where do you go to school? or How are you?. These are information questions, where the questioner wants to gain new knowledge. In general, it is the most common way to define questions in grammars. However, in real life, questions are used for a wide range of social actions. The subject of the dissertation is open questions, i.e. Wh-questions. Wh-questions do not provide a potential answer (e.g. Where were you yesterday? – At home. / At school. / In Tartu. etc.) and these are in opposite with closed questions (e.g. Were you at home yesterday?). The aim of the dissertation is to find out how interactants formulate Wh-questions in everyday interaction, what interactants want to implement with them and how these questions are responded to. The data come from everyday conversations between friends and family members. The results reveal that the Wh-question is an important language tool: it is used in order to request for information; solve hearing and understanding problems; perform reproaches, challenges, prohibitions; etc. In the dissertation I claim that the Wh-question type and the surrounding context give a hint for the response type. Some questions expect a specific piece of information (e.g. Where do you go to school?) and some questions expect a longer telling (e.g. How are you?). A questioner can modify the expectation of the response by providing multi-unit questions (e.g. How are you? Are you fine?). In the dissertation I demonstrate that the format of the language device is connected with its function. In the dissertation I analyze what kind of social norms interactants follow and what kind of goals they accomplish by using language. I compare the results with previous research findings from other languages.
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Keywords
eesti keel, kõnekeel, suuline keel, küsilaused, vestlusanalüüs