Meandering along the mtDNA phylogeny; causerie and digression about what it can tell us about human migrations
Kuupäev
2019-09-06
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
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Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Meie genoomidesse on kirjutatud kogu informatsioon, mida rakuline masinavärk inimolendi kokkupanekuks vajab. Ja mitte ainult. Kasutades ad hoc raamistikku on võimalik kaasaegsete inimeste genoomide alusel mineviku inimese migratsioone rekonstrueerida. Pikka aega on sellealaste uuringute musternäidiseks olnud mitokondriaalne DNA (mtDNA) ja Y-kromosoom, eelkõige seetõttu, et need on haploidsed ja mitterekombineeruvad - nende fülogeneesi on autosoomidega võrreldes lihtsam rekonstrueerida. Fülogeneesis kajastub paljude evolutsioonitegurite, sealhulgas migratsioonide mõju, seega – teoreetiliselt on võimalik fülogeneesi uurides inimese rännetega seotud küsimustele vastuseid leida.
Üks tee antud küsimustele vastamiseks on uurida meid huvitavate populatsioonide üldist varieeruvust ja paigutada see laiemasse perspektiivi. Näiteks selgub meie tööst, et Euraasiale ja Aafrikale iseloomulike liinide üldine osakaal on Etioopia ja Jeemeni mtDNA geenitiigis peaaegu identne, suurem lahutusaste toob aga esile nende märkimisväärseid erinevusi. Prantsusmaa puhul ilmneb, et kui üldisel tasemel ei erineta lähedastest naabermaadest, siis geograafilist fookust kintsendades kerkivad esile Püreneedest põhjas või lõunas elavate baskide vahelised erinevused. Samuti tuleb esile, Bretagne´i administratiivüksuste seas on Finistère`l teistest tugevamad seosed Suurbritannia ja Skandinaaviaga. Kaugel ida pool, Kesk-Aasias Hindukuši Afganistaani-osa paljusid erinevaid etnilisi populatsioone uurides saime tuge seisukohale, et Kesk-Aasia on olnud paljude migratsioonilainete risteel ja nende mõjud on kaasaegsetesse populatsioonidesse jätnud märgatava jälje. Teise võimaluse küsimustele vastuseid leida andis fookuse suunamine üksikutele spetsiifilistele haplogruppidele. Haplogruppide M1 ja U6 fülogeneesi uurimine lükkas ümber varasema hüpoteesi nende samaaegsest levikust. Me ei leidnud ka kindlaid tõendeid seoste kohta nende haplogruppide ja afroaasia keelte leviku vahel.
Inscribed in our genomes, there is all the necessary information for the cellular machinery to build a human being. And then some. Using an ad hoc framework, it is possible to attempt to infer past human migrations by looking at the current variation present in these genomes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome have long been the poster child for doing it, chiefly thanks to their haploid and non-recombining nature, allowing to reconstruct their phylogeny in a more straightforward way than for the autosomes. These phylogenies have been shaped by evolutionary forces, amongst them migrations. Hence, by studying the former, it is theoretically possible to tackle questions germane to the latter. One way to address our questions is to study the general composition of a specific population or several, and to place it into a broader perspective. For instance, we showed that, whilst the overall proportion of Eurasian and African specific lineages is almost identical in Ethiopian and Yemeni mtDNA gene pool, a finer level of resolution revealed marked differences in them. In the case of France, it is globally not dissimilar from its close neighbours, yet narrowing down the geographical focus exposes dissimilarities between the Basques living north of the Pyrénées from those south of them. And amongst the administrative departments of Brittany, Finistère displays tighter connections with Britain and Scandinavia. Much further east, in Central Asia, exploring various ethnic populations of the Afghan Hindu Kush gave support to the notion that Central Asia has been a long-standing cross-road of multiple waves of migrations, each leaving perceptible traces in the extant populations. As for another way of answering questions, we shifted our focus to some specific haplogroups, with a new examination of M1 and U6 phylogenies that confuted the previously purported concomitance of their spread. We also did not find strong evidence of connections between their spread and that of the Afro-Asiatic languages.
Inscribed in our genomes, there is all the necessary information for the cellular machinery to build a human being. And then some. Using an ad hoc framework, it is possible to attempt to infer past human migrations by looking at the current variation present in these genomes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome have long been the poster child for doing it, chiefly thanks to their haploid and non-recombining nature, allowing to reconstruct their phylogeny in a more straightforward way than for the autosomes. These phylogenies have been shaped by evolutionary forces, amongst them migrations. Hence, by studying the former, it is theoretically possible to tackle questions germane to the latter. One way to address our questions is to study the general composition of a specific population or several, and to place it into a broader perspective. For instance, we showed that, whilst the overall proportion of Eurasian and African specific lineages is almost identical in Ethiopian and Yemeni mtDNA gene pool, a finer level of resolution revealed marked differences in them. In the case of France, it is globally not dissimilar from its close neighbours, yet narrowing down the geographical focus exposes dissimilarities between the Basques living north of the Pyrénées from those south of them. And amongst the administrative departments of Brittany, Finistère displays tighter connections with Britain and Scandinavia. Much further east, in Central Asia, exploring various ethnic populations of the Afghan Hindu Kush gave support to the notion that Central Asia has been a long-standing cross-road of multiple waves of migrations, each leaving perceptible traces in the extant populations. As for another way of answering questions, we shifted our focus to some specific haplogroups, with a new examination of M1 and U6 phylogenies that confuted the previously purported concomitance of their spread. We also did not find strong evidence of connections between their spread and that of the Afro-Asiatic languages.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
populatsioonigeneetika, mitokondriaalne DNA, Y-kromosoom, fülogenees, ränne (demogr.)