Metallitööpaigad Eestis 7.–17. sajandil
Kuupäev
2020-02-11
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Mineviku metallitöö kuulub nende valdkondade hulka, mille uurimisel on arheoloogia märkimisväärseks teadmiste allikaks. Minu väitekirja eesmärk on anda peamiselt arheoloogilise leiuainese põhjal uut informatsiooni Eesti metallitöö kohta 7.–17. sajandini. Selle perioodi jooksul toimus nii tehnoloogilisi kui poliitilisi arenguid, millest kõige murrangulisemaks võiks pidada 13. sajandi alguse vallutussõda, mille käigus liideti Eesti alad kristliku Euroopaga. Uute linnade loomisega hakkas siia saabuma ka läänes väljaõppe saanud käsitöölisi, kes tõid kaasa omad töövõtted ja tööriistad.
Põhilise allikana käsitlen metallitööpaiku ja sealt pärinevaid tootmisjääke. Rauatöö uurimiseks on suurema tähelepanu all sepikojad, seal asunud ääsid ja sepistamiseks vajaminev raud. Kohaliku rauasulatuse ja sepikodade laialihajutatud paiknemismustri tõttu säilitas maasepikoda oma rauaaegse ilme 14. sajandini. Eriti suure tähelepanu all on 14.–17. sajandisse dateeritud Käku sepikojaase Saaremaal, kuna sealt tuli 2007.-2014. aastal välitööde käigus välja nelja järjestikuse sepikoja ehitusjäänuseid kui hulgaliselt leide. Juba Käku kõige varasem, 14.–15. sajandisse dateeritud, sepikoda meenutab oma põhiplaanilt ja ääsi ehitusviisilt pigem 14. sajandisse dateeritud Haapsalu linna sepikodasid kui 13.–14. sajandi algusesse dateeritud Paatsa maasepikoda, mis viitab maa ja linnaseppade traditsioonide ühtlustumisest. Metallograafiline analüüs Käku sepikoja rauakangidest andis aga teavet selle kohta, et kuidas käitlesid sepad toorrauda ja taaskasutati terasest tööriistu.
Metallivalu puhul analüüsisin eelkõige metallisulatustiigleid, valamiskulpe ja valuvorme ning neis leiduvaid metallijääke kasutades nii portatiivset spektromeetrit (pXRF) kui skaneerivat elektronmikroskoopi (SEM-EDS). Selgus, et nooremal rauaajal oli nii hõbeda kui tina valamine koondunud linnamägedele ja maalinnadesse. Uuritud tiiglikatketest sisaldas 27% hõbeda jääke, mis näitab, et hõbedavalu oli laialt levinud. Peale ristisõda ning uute linnade rajamist asendas linnades tehtud metallivalu varasemalt linnamägedel ja maalinnades tehtud käsitöö. Linnadesse tuuakse ka imporditud tiigleid, kus muude jääkide hulgas on puhta kulla valamise jäägid, mis on kontrastiks rauaaegsele metallivalule.
Archaeology can contribute greatly to our understanding of past metalworking. The main goal of this thesis is to provide new information on Estonian metalworking between the 7th–17th centuries, based on archaeological sources. During this period there were political changes and technological developments that impacted Estonian society. The most important event was the 13th century crusade, after which Estonia was brought into Christian Europe. Western craftsmen started to settle into Estonia with the founding of new towns, bringing new techniques and tools as they came. My main contribution is the study of metalworking sites and the analysis of their production waste. Smithies, forges, iron blooms and bars are all investigated to gain a better understanding of ferrous metalworking. Local iron production and the scattered locations of smithies retained the pre-crusade workshop layout up until the 14th century. The 14th–17th century smithy site of Käku was studied in detail and the excavations between 2007–2014 revealed the remains of four consecutive smithies and thousands of finds. The smithy of Käku more resembles the 14th century urban smithies at Haapsalu, than the 13th–14th century rural smithy of Paatsa, which indicates a convergence of rural and urban smithing traditions by the 14th–15th centuries. Metallographic analysis of iron blooms and bars from the smithy site of Käku provides insight into how the smiths processed bloomery iron and how steel tools were reused. The non-ferrous metalwork is studied via crucibles and casting moulds. The residue they contained was analysed with a portable spectrometer (pXRF) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). The results show that in the 7th to early 13th centuries the casting of silver and tin took place at hill forts and strongholds. Silver residues were detected in 27% of the crucibles, which suggests that silver casting was common. After the crusade, the towns became the main centres for the casting and crafting that previously was undertaken in the fortified centres. Foreign craftsmen introduced imported crucibles that were more durable at high temperatures than crucibles made from local clay. A few of the studied crucibles had residues of pure gold, which indicates a higher level of specialist goldsmithing, compared to the work of pre-crusade craftsmen.
Archaeology can contribute greatly to our understanding of past metalworking. The main goal of this thesis is to provide new information on Estonian metalworking between the 7th–17th centuries, based on archaeological sources. During this period there were political changes and technological developments that impacted Estonian society. The most important event was the 13th century crusade, after which Estonia was brought into Christian Europe. Western craftsmen started to settle into Estonia with the founding of new towns, bringing new techniques and tools as they came. My main contribution is the study of metalworking sites and the analysis of their production waste. Smithies, forges, iron blooms and bars are all investigated to gain a better understanding of ferrous metalworking. Local iron production and the scattered locations of smithies retained the pre-crusade workshop layout up until the 14th century. The 14th–17th century smithy site of Käku was studied in detail and the excavations between 2007–2014 revealed the remains of four consecutive smithies and thousands of finds. The smithy of Käku more resembles the 14th century urban smithies at Haapsalu, than the 13th–14th century rural smithy of Paatsa, which indicates a convergence of rural and urban smithing traditions by the 14th–15th centuries. Metallographic analysis of iron blooms and bars from the smithy site of Käku provides insight into how the smiths processed bloomery iron and how steel tools were reused. The non-ferrous metalwork is studied via crucibles and casting moulds. The residue they contained was analysed with a portable spectrometer (pXRF) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). The results show that in the 7th to early 13th centuries the casting of silver and tin took place at hill forts and strongholds. Silver residues were detected in 27% of the crucibles, which suggests that silver casting was common. After the crusade, the towns became the main centres for the casting and crafting that previously was undertaken in the fortified centres. Foreign craftsmen introduced imported crucibles that were more durable at high temperatures than crucibles made from local clay. A few of the studied crucibles had residues of pure gold, which indicates a higher level of specialist goldsmithing, compared to the work of pre-crusade craftsmen.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
Estonia, prehistory (Estonia), Middle Ages, iron smelting, non-ferrous metals, precious metals, metal forming, smithery, farrieries, archaeological finds, metallography, ancient metallurgy