Выражение квантитативности в имени в русском и эстонском языках
Date
2021-09-22
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Abstract
Eesti ja vene keeles esinevate ainsuse ja mitmuse vormide mõistatusi ja paradokse pole varasemalt süsteemselt võrreldud ja kirjeldatud. Selline kirjeldus on oluline keelte kontrastiivse analüüsi, keeleõppe ja tõlke ning digilingvistika jaoks. Autor on kokku kogunud eesti ja vene keele sõnastikest ja digitaalsetest tekstikogudest unikaalse andmete kollektsiooni. Sõnastikud ei anna meile alati informatsiooni sellest, miks keel suudab kokku lugeda näiteks kolme apelsini, aga ei suuda kokku lugeda kolme müra. Esemete nimed võivad omada mitmuse vormi (õunu saab vene ja eesti keeles kokku lugeda: два яблока, kaks õuna), kuid see, mis on kenasti loetletav tükikaupa ühes keeles (sibulad eesti keeles), jääb teises keeles loetlemata (ainult лук vene keeles). Konkreetsed esemed võivad esineda mõnes tekstis mitte kui esemed, vaid kui substants või aine. Vene keeles салат с морковью (porgandisalat) – ei tähenda salatit „ühest porgandist“, samuti eesti keeles punase sibulaga heeringafilee – ei tähenda fileed „ühe sibulaga“. Eesti keele grammatika lubab öelda kahe presidendi kohta Soome ja Eesti president, vene keele grammatika võimaldab kasutada ainult президенты России и Америки (Venemaa ja Ameerika presidendid). Kuigi lauses „Igaüks kummardus oma taldriku kohale“ (vene keeles „Каждый наклонился над своей тарелкой“) kasutatakse ainsuse vormi, käib jutt mitmest taldrikust. Samas, lauses „Ehmunud sipelgatena paiskusid külaelanikud oma majadest välja“ (vene keeles „Как испуганные муравьи ринулись жители деревни из своих домов“) kasutatakse mitmuse vormi. Sellised erinevused on tingitud lauseehitusest. Väljend „oma elu kaalule panema“ (vene keeles „быть готовым отдать свою жизнь“) ei võimalda üldse mitmuse vormi, kuna need pole need kaalud, mis massi kaaluvad. Uurimus selgitab detailselt neid ja paljusid teisi näiteid, eriti seda, kuidas sõna mitmuse ja ainsuse vorm on seotud sõna tähenduse, ümbritseva teksti ja sellega, kuidas sõnastikuline tähendus võib muutuda kõnes.
The riddles and paradoxes of the singular and plural behavior in Russian and Estonian have not been compared or described systematically. Such a description is important for contrastive analysis, language and translation teaching, and computational linguistics. The author has collected unique data from the dictionaries of Estonian and Russian and from the texts of the corpora. Dictionaries do not always explain to us why a language can count, for example, three oranges and cannot count three noises. Names for objects can be plural (яблоки in Russian and Estonian may be counted: два яблока, kaks õuna), but what is perfectly countable by the piece in one language (sibulad in Estonian) remains uncountable in another (only лук in Russian). Specific objects in some texts may appear not as objects but rather as a substance. In Russian, a carrot salad is not a salad "with one piece of carrot", and punase sibulaga heeringafilee in Estonian is not a fillet with "one onion". Estonian grammar makes it possible to say Eesti ja Soome president about the two presidents while Russian grammar only allows for президенты России и Америки. The sentence Igaüks kummardus oma taldriku kohale “Everyone bent over their plate” refers to several plates, although a singular form is used, whereas in Ehmunud sipelgatena paiskusid külaelanikud oma majadest välja “Like frightened ants the villagers rushed out of their homes” we use plural. These differences are due to the structure of the sentences. Оma elu kaalule panema “to be ready to give your life” (lit. “put your life on the scales”) avoids the plural as it isn’t a weighing-scale. The study explains these and many other cases in detail, in particular how a number form is related to the meaning of a word, its environment in the text, and how a dictionary meaning can change in speech.
The riddles and paradoxes of the singular and plural behavior in Russian and Estonian have not been compared or described systematically. Such a description is important for contrastive analysis, language and translation teaching, and computational linguistics. The author has collected unique data from the dictionaries of Estonian and Russian and from the texts of the corpora. Dictionaries do not always explain to us why a language can count, for example, three oranges and cannot count three noises. Names for objects can be plural (яблоки in Russian and Estonian may be counted: два яблока, kaks õuna), but what is perfectly countable by the piece in one language (sibulad in Estonian) remains uncountable in another (only лук in Russian). Specific objects in some texts may appear not as objects but rather as a substance. In Russian, a carrot salad is not a salad "with one piece of carrot", and punase sibulaga heeringafilee in Estonian is not a fillet with "one onion". Estonian grammar makes it possible to say Eesti ja Soome president about the two presidents while Russian grammar only allows for президенты России и Америки. The sentence Igaüks kummardus oma taldriku kohale “Everyone bent over their plate” refers to several plates, although a singular form is used, whereas in Ehmunud sipelgatena paiskusid külaelanikud oma majadest välja “Like frightened ants the villagers rushed out of their homes” we use plural. These differences are due to the structure of the sentences. Оma elu kaalule panema “to be ready to give your life” (lit. “put your life on the scales”) avoids the plural as it isn’t a weighing-scale. The study explains these and many other cases in detail, in particular how a number form is related to the meaning of a word, its environment in the text, and how a dictionary meaning can change in speech.
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Keywords
Russian language, Estonian language, declinable words, grammar, grammatical categories, lexicography, semantics