Diet, blood metabolites, and health
Failid
Kuupäev
2022-07-12
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Täpsem arusaam, kuidas ja mille kaudu toitumine tervist mõjutab, loob soodsa pinnase tervist edendavatele personaliseeritud toitumissoovitustele. Üks võimalus toitumise ja tervise vaheliste seoste selgitamiseks on uurida veres ringlevate metaboliitide tasemeid, kuna need on mõjutatud toitumisest ning on omakorda erinevate haiguste ennustajateks. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks on anda vere metaboliitide uurimise kaudu lisateadmisi selle kohta, kuidas toitumine mõjutab tervist. Esmalt kasutasime Mendeli Randomiseerimise (MR) meetodit, et tuvastada, milline on toitumisvalikute potentsiaalselt põhjuslik mõju vere metaboliitidele. Kuna leitud tulemused ühtisid varasemate randomiseeritud uuringutega ning olid osalt vastuolus vaatlusuuringutega, tõestasime et MR on sobiv ja kasulik meetod toitumise mõju uurimiseks. Kokku leidsime 413 potentsiaalselt põhjuslikku seost. Muuhulgas viitavad tulemused, et nii kohvi kui ka alkohoolsete jookide suurem tarbimine tõstab madala ja keskmise tihedusega lipoproteiinidega seotud metaboliitide tasemeid, samas kui väga madala tihedusega lipoproteiinidega seotud metaboliitide tasemetele tundub mõju olevat vaid suuremal kohvi tarbimisel, aga mitte alkoholi tarbimisel. Teiseks vaatlesime toidu neofoobia (FN) ja vere metaboliitide vahelisi seoseid ning leidsime, et kõrgem tulemus FN skaalal seostub madalamate omega-3 rasvhapetega seotud mõõtmistega. Lisaks, FN mõju tüüp 2 diabeedile ja südameveresoonkonna haigustele vajab kinnitust tulevaste uuringute poolt, kuna mõlema haiguse osas oli FN riski tõstev mõju väljendunud vaid ühes vaadeldud kahest kohordist. Kolmandaks uurisime, kas vere metaboliitide profiil kirjeldab inimese bioloogilist vanust (BA) ning kas erinevus sellise BA ja kronoloogilise vanuse vahel ennustab tervisenäitajaid. Leidsime, et metaboliitide-põhine BA võib olla populatsiooni-spetsiifiline ning seostub kardiovaskulaarsete riskifaktoritega. Lisaks viitavad meie tulemused sellele, et metaboliitide-põhine BA võib olla seotud toitumiskäitumisega. Kokkuvõttes annavad leitud tulemused uusi teadmisi toitumise, metaboliitide ja tervise omavaheliste seoste kohta ning on seega aluseks tulevastele randomiseeritud uuringutele mis loovad omakorda pinnase teadlikele tervist edendavatele personaliseeritud toitumissoovitustele.
Understanding the mechanisms of how diet affects health has the potential to provide grounds for personalized health-improving dietary advice. One possible option to enlighten the diet-disease interplay is to examine the blood metabolic profile, since it is known to be on the one hand affected by diet and on the other hand predictive of several health outcomes. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to shed more light on how diet affects health by examining the metabolic profile of blood. Firstly, we studied the possibly causal effect of dietary choices on blood metabolites by using the method of Mendelian Randomization (MR). We demonstrated that MR approach is suitable for analyzing the effect of diet by our results agreeing with previous randomized trials and conflicting with some observational studies. In total we detected 413 potentially causal associations. For example, we found that coffee and alcohol traits pose similar elevating effects on measurements related to low-density and intermediate-density lipoproteins, whereas the measurements related to very-low-density lipoproteins seem to be elevated by coffee consumption and not by alcohol consumption. Secondly, we investigated the associations between food neophobia (FN) and blood metabolites, and found that FN is negatively associated with measurements related to omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, the analysis of the effect of FN on type II diabetes and coronary heart disease yielded conflicting results between the two cohorts studied and the risk-elevating effects remain to be confirmed by future research. Thirdly, we examined whether blood metabolic profile is indicative of underlying biological age (BA), and whether the excess of such BA over the chronological age is predictive of health outcomes. We found that the metabolites-based BA can be population-specific, and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Further, our results propose that the metabolites-based BA can be associated with dietary behavior. In conclusion, our findings provide new knowledge about the diet, metabolites and health interplay and by this forms a basis for future randomized trials that can ultimately lead to well-informed personalized dietary recommendations.
Understanding the mechanisms of how diet affects health has the potential to provide grounds for personalized health-improving dietary advice. One possible option to enlighten the diet-disease interplay is to examine the blood metabolic profile, since it is known to be on the one hand affected by diet and on the other hand predictive of several health outcomes. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to shed more light on how diet affects health by examining the metabolic profile of blood. Firstly, we studied the possibly causal effect of dietary choices on blood metabolites by using the method of Mendelian Randomization (MR). We demonstrated that MR approach is suitable for analyzing the effect of diet by our results agreeing with previous randomized trials and conflicting with some observational studies. In total we detected 413 potentially causal associations. For example, we found that coffee and alcohol traits pose similar elevating effects on measurements related to low-density and intermediate-density lipoproteins, whereas the measurements related to very-low-density lipoproteins seem to be elevated by coffee consumption and not by alcohol consumption. Secondly, we investigated the associations between food neophobia (FN) and blood metabolites, and found that FN is negatively associated with measurements related to omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, the analysis of the effect of FN on type II diabetes and coronary heart disease yielded conflicting results between the two cohorts studied and the risk-elevating effects remain to be confirmed by future research. Thirdly, we examined whether blood metabolic profile is indicative of underlying biological age (BA), and whether the excess of such BA over the chronological age is predictive of health outcomes. We found that the metabolites-based BA can be population-specific, and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Further, our results propose that the metabolites-based BA can be associated with dietary behavior. In conclusion, our findings provide new knowledge about the diet, metabolites and health interplay and by this forms a basis for future randomized trials that can ultimately lead to well-informed personalized dietary recommendations.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
dietary factors, health, morbidity, metabolomics, randomization, metabolites