Effect of 12-week strength training and a competitive half-marathon run on arterial stiffness and blood biochemistry in well-trained male athletes
Date
2022-07-14
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Arterite jäikus iseloomustab arterite laienemisvõimet vererõhu mõjul. Arterite jäikuse suurenemise korral suureneb ka südame vasaku vatsakese koormus, mis põhjustab selle ülemäärast hüpertroofiat. Varasemad uuringud on näidanud, et kehalisel aktiivsusel on arterite jäikusele soodne mõju. Paraku enamus neist uuringuist on teostatud treenimata, ülekaalulistel või kõrge vererõhuga isikutel, rakendades kerge kuni mõõduka intensiivsusega aeroobseid koormusi. Tippsportlaste kehalised koormused on väga suured, ületades oluliselt kehalise aktiivsuse üldisi soovitusi. Selle kohta, kuidas mõjub arterite jäikusele jõutreening, on vähe andmeid. Samas on jõualade sportlastel võrreldes vastupidavusalade esindajatega täheldatud sagedamini kõrgvererõhktõbe ja südame ülemäärast hüpertroofiat. Aeroobsetel koormustel on südame-vereringesüsteemile üldiselt soodne toime. Teisalt on teada, et vastupidavusaladel võib võistluste ajal pingutuse intensiivsus olla väga kõrge, ületades anaeroobse läve. Selline olukord esineb näiteks poolmaratoni jooksuvõistlustel. Seega on õigustatud küsimus, kas korduvad jõutreeningule omased intensiivsed koormused või ühekordne tugev vastupidavuslik pingutus võistlustel ning sellele järgnev puudulik taastumine võivad suurendada sportlaste kardiovaskulaarse riski taset, sealhulgas mõjudes negatiivselt arterite jäikusele. Arterite seisundit võivad mõjutada ka koormusest tingitud põletikulised protsessid ning oksüdatiivse stressi taseme tõus.
Käesoleva doktoritöö raames uurisime erineva suunitluse ja kestusega kehaliste koormuste mõju arterite jäikusele ning selle seoseid vere biomarkeritega hästitreenitud meessportlastel. Leidsime, et kolmekuuline jõutreening alandas oluliselt jõutõstjate perifeerset ja tsentraalset süstoolset vererõhku, samas arterite jäikus ei muutunud. Esiletõstmist väärib tõsiasi, et uuritavatel rakendatud juhendatud jõutreeninguprogramm mõjutas soodsalt südame vasaku ja parema vatsakese funktsiooni ning HDL-kolesterooli taset vereseerumis. Sellel osal uuritavatest, kellel oli suhteliselt kõrgem oksüdatiivse stressi tase, ilmnes väikese ulatusega negatiivne muutus arterite jäikuses. Ühekordne poolmaratoni jooksuvõistluse läbimine erineva treenitusega jooksjatel arterite jäikusele olulist mõju ei avaldanud. Võistlusjärgsel taastumisperioodil seondus mõningane arterite jäikuse halvenemine kõrgema treenituse taseme ja võistlusdistantsi läbimise lühema ajaga.
Arterial stiffness characterizes the ability of the arteries to dilate under the influence of blood pressure. In case of stiffed arteries, the chronically increased load on the heart may lead to excessive ventricular hypertrophy. Previous studies have shown beneficial effect of exercise on arterial stiffness. However, most of these studies have been performed in untrained, obese or hypertensive subjects involved in low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise training. On the other hand, training loads in well-trained athletes are usually much higher, far exceeding the generally recommended physical activity level. Furthermore, there is lack of data on the effect of strength training on arterial stiffness in competitive powerlifting athletes. At the same time, an increased prevalence of hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy has been reported in strength-trained athletes compared to endurance athletes. Generally, aerobic endurance exercise has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Nevertheless, the intensity of acute physical load during competition in well-trained endurance athletes is very high, exceeding the anaerobic threshold. Such an intensive exertion is characteristic of a competitive half-marathon race, for example. Therefore, an important question arises: whether an intense strength training program or a competitive half-marathon race followed by an incomplete recovery will cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, including increased arterial stiffness. In addition, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by intense exercise may contribute to adverse changes in arterial stiffness. In the framework of this doctoral thesis we evaluated the effects of 12-week supervised strength training and a competitive half-marathon race on arterial stiffness and related cardiovascular risk markers. Our results reveal that the 12-week pre-season strength training program had a beneficial effect on the brachial and central systolic blood pressure in male elite powerlifters and it also improved their left and right ventricular function. Strength training did not affect arterial stiffness in our athletes. Similarly, a half-marathon race had no significant influence on arterial stiffness in competitive and recreational male athletes during the post-competition recovery period. Nevertheless, regression analysis revealed that relatively higher training status and faster finish time correlated with relatively higher oxidative stress level and unfavourable shifts in arterial stiffness.
Arterial stiffness characterizes the ability of the arteries to dilate under the influence of blood pressure. In case of stiffed arteries, the chronically increased load on the heart may lead to excessive ventricular hypertrophy. Previous studies have shown beneficial effect of exercise on arterial stiffness. However, most of these studies have been performed in untrained, obese or hypertensive subjects involved in low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise training. On the other hand, training loads in well-trained athletes are usually much higher, far exceeding the generally recommended physical activity level. Furthermore, there is lack of data on the effect of strength training on arterial stiffness in competitive powerlifting athletes. At the same time, an increased prevalence of hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy has been reported in strength-trained athletes compared to endurance athletes. Generally, aerobic endurance exercise has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Nevertheless, the intensity of acute physical load during competition in well-trained endurance athletes is very high, exceeding the anaerobic threshold. Such an intensive exertion is characteristic of a competitive half-marathon race, for example. Therefore, an important question arises: whether an intense strength training program or a competitive half-marathon race followed by an incomplete recovery will cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, including increased arterial stiffness. In addition, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by intense exercise may contribute to adverse changes in arterial stiffness. In the framework of this doctoral thesis we evaluated the effects of 12-week supervised strength training and a competitive half-marathon race on arterial stiffness and related cardiovascular risk markers. Our results reveal that the 12-week pre-season strength training program had a beneficial effect on the brachial and central systolic blood pressure in male elite powerlifters and it also improved their left and right ventricular function. Strength training did not affect arterial stiffness in our athletes. Similarly, a half-marathon race had no significant influence on arterial stiffness in competitive and recreational male athletes during the post-competition recovery period. Nevertheless, regression analysis revealed that relatively higher training status and faster finish time correlated with relatively higher oxidative stress level and unfavourable shifts in arterial stiffness.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
men, athletes, powerlifting, marathoners, marathon race, strength training, arteries, hemodynamics, biochemical markers, cardiovascular risk