Test-taking motivation in low-stakes and high-stakes testing contexts
Date
2022-07-14
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Abstract
Haridus- ja psühholoogiavaldkonnas kasutatakse teste inimeste teadmiste ja oskuste hindamiseks. Tihti ei ole selliste testide tulemused testitavate endi jaoks tähenduslikud, kuigi võivad olla olulised mõnel teisel tasandil – näiteks võidakse nende alusel võrrelda omavahel õpilasi või õpilaste gruppe koolide ja riikide lõikes. Varasemad uuringud on näidanud, et keskmiselt on testitäitjate jaoks madala olulisega testide tulemused madalamad kui kõrge olulisusega testide puhul. Ka valiidsuse teoreetilised käsitlused viitavad sellele, et testi tulemuste tõlgendamisel tuleks arvestada erinevate teguritega, sh motivatsiooniga, mis võivad tulemust mõjutada, aga ei ole osa konstruktist, mida soovitakse hinnata. Testi täitmise motivatsiooni (TTM) käsitletakse peamiselt ootuse-väärtuse teooria raamistikus. Selle alusel on motivatsiooni tekkimine seotud erinevate teguritega, näiteks inimese eelnevad kogemused, väärtused ja uskumused. Seega TTM ei ole seotud vaid testi ja testimise olukorraga vaid ka testitava enda sisemiste protsessidega. Sellest lähtuvalt võib eeldada, et TTM võib olla tulemustega seotud ka kõrge olulisusega testimise olukorras. Selleks, et TTM.iga oleks võimalik tulemuste tõlgendamise arvestada, on oluline seda hinnata. Peamiselt on hindamiseks kasutatud enesekohaseid küsimustikke, kuid kuna vastused nendele ei pruugi olla piisavalt objektiivsed, on välja pakutud ka alternatiivseid TTM-i hindamise meetodeid, näiteks ajalist pingutust vastamisel (APV, Wise ja Kong, 2005). APV alusel antakse hinnang testitäitja testile pühendatud pingutusele selle alusel, kuidas ta kasutas testi ülesannete lahendamisel selleks ettenähtud aega. Doktoritöös uuriti, kuidas avaldub testi täitmise pingutus nii madala kui ka kõrge olulisusega testimise olukordades. Pingutuse hindamiseks kasutati nii enesekohast küsimustikku kui ajalisi pingutust iseloomustavad indikaatoreid, sh APV. Leiti, et testi täitmise pingutus on testi tulemusega seotud nii madala kui ka kõrge olulisusega testis, kuigi ootuspäraselt seletab see suurema osa variatiivsusest madala olulisusega testi puhul. Veel leiti, et enesehinnatud pingutus ja testi täitmise aja põhjal arvutatud pingutuse näitaja võivad kirjeldada motivatsioonispektri erinevaid osi ning et mõlemad võivad anda väärtuslikku informatsiooni testi täitmise motivatsiooni kohta.
In the fields of education and psychology, tests are used to measure people's knowledge and skills. However, the results of such tests are often not personally relevant to the test-takers, although these may be relevant on other levels – for example, test results may be used to compare students or groups of students across schools and countries. Previous studies have shown that results on low-stakes tests, that do not have significant consequences for test-takers, are lower compared to results in high-stakes tests. Validity theory also suggests that different factors contributing to construct irrelevant variance, including motivation, should be considered when interpreting test results. As test-taking motivation (TTM) is mainly seen in the framework of expectation-value theory, it can be inferred that the motivation to complete a test can also manifest itself in a situation that is generally considered to be high-stakes. Therefore, it is important to assess TTM. Mainly self-report questionnaires have been used for this, but as answers to these may not always be sufficiently objective, alternative methods for assessing test-taking motivation have been proposed such as Response Time Effort (RTE, Wise and Kong, 2005). RTE gives an indication of the amount of effort used in the test based on test-taking times. In this doctoral dissertation, it was investigated how the effort to complete the test manifests itself in both low-stakes and high-stakes testing contexts. Test-taking effort was assessed with a self-report questionnaire and time-based measures of effort, including RTE. Test-taking effort was related to test performance in both low-stakes and high-stakes testing contexts, although test-taking effort explained a larger part of the variance in the low-stakes test. It was reasoned that self-reported effort and RTE describe different parts of the motivation spectrum, and that both can provide valuable information about test-taking motivation.
In the fields of education and psychology, tests are used to measure people's knowledge and skills. However, the results of such tests are often not personally relevant to the test-takers, although these may be relevant on other levels – for example, test results may be used to compare students or groups of students across schools and countries. Previous studies have shown that results on low-stakes tests, that do not have significant consequences for test-takers, are lower compared to results in high-stakes tests. Validity theory also suggests that different factors contributing to construct irrelevant variance, including motivation, should be considered when interpreting test results. As test-taking motivation (TTM) is mainly seen in the framework of expectation-value theory, it can be inferred that the motivation to complete a test can also manifest itself in a situation that is generally considered to be high-stakes. Therefore, it is important to assess TTM. Mainly self-report questionnaires have been used for this, but as answers to these may not always be sufficiently objective, alternative methods for assessing test-taking motivation have been proposed such as Response Time Effort (RTE, Wise and Kong, 2005). RTE gives an indication of the amount of effort used in the test based on test-taking times. In this doctoral dissertation, it was investigated how the effort to complete the test manifests itself in both low-stakes and high-stakes testing contexts. Test-taking effort was assessed with a self-report questionnaire and time-based measures of effort, including RTE. Test-taking effort was related to test performance in both low-stakes and high-stakes testing contexts, although test-taking effort explained a larger part of the variance in the low-stakes test. It was reasoned that self-reported effort and RTE describe different parts of the motivation spectrum, and that both can provide valuable information about test-taking motivation.
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Keywords
tests (examination), motivation