The government as an enabler and accelerator of diffusion of radical innovations
Kuupäev
2022-08-16
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
“Kuidas toetada innovatsiooni, mis aitaks kaasa ühiskonna ees seisvate suurte väljakutsete lahendamisele?” – see küsimus on viimasel aastakümnel üks peamisi, millega innovatsiooni juhtimise uurijad on tegelenud. Pikka aega on innovatsiooni toetamisel kasutatud peamiselt fiskaalseid toetusmeetmeid, seda eelkõige just teadus- ja arendustöö etapi edendamiseks. Viimastel aastakümnetel on lisandunud jõudsalt nõudluse toetamine ning siht on laienenud katmaks ka uudsete lahenduste turuletulekut. Kas riik võiks aga võtta veelgi aktiivsema rolli?
Töös on vaatluse all kolm sellist juhtumit, kus Eesti riik on võtnud rolle, mis ületavad tavapäraseid innovatsioonipoliitika meetmeid. Esimene neist näitab elektromobiilsuse programmi ELMO loomise motivatsiooni, elluviimist ja tulemusi. Erinevaid sektoreid hõlmav ja tugevalt juurdunud tarbimisharjumusi muutev innovatsioon vajab leviku kiirendamiseks ka uudset lähenemist innovatsiooni toetamisel. Väikesel, paindlikul riigil on võimalik kiiresti reageerida ja olla nn. eluslabor (ingl k. living lab).
Teine kaasus vaatab süvitsi elektriautode lühirendi teenuse pilootprojekti esmaste kasutajate profiili. Erinevalt küsitlusepõhiste uuringute tulemustest elektriauto ostmise kavatsuste kohta, on lühiajalise rendi puhul kasutajaskond palju mitmekesisem, eelkõige teenust 1-2 korda proovinute osas. Lühirendi püsikasutajate profiil on sarnasem elektriauto ostjatega. See näitab, et lisaks lühirendi kui vajaduspõhise ärimudeli levikule on sel pilootprojektil olnud olnud oluline roll ka võimalikele elektriauto ostjatele proovimisvõimaluse pakkumisel.
Kolmas kaasus näitab samuti riigi tavapärasest aktiivsemat rolli innovatsiooni leviku võimaldaja ja toetajana. Maailma Terviseorganisatsiooni paberil rahvusvaheline vaktsineerimistunnistus on kasutusel juba 1962. aastast. Selle digitaliseerimine on tehnoloogiliselt oluliselt lihtsam kui globaalselt praktikas rakendamine. See nõuab rahvusvahelist koostööd mitmel eri tasandil, ning võtmeteguriks on võime luua ja alal hoida erinevate osapoolte usaldust. Kuna iga innovatsiooni levik sõltub usaldusest, siis siit tuleneb ka riigi oluline roll usalduskrediidi pakkujana. Kõik need kaasused omakorda pakuvad õppimiskohti ka innovatsioonipoliitika uuendamiseks.
“How to support innovations that could help to solve the societal grand challenges?” – this question has been actively on the innovation management scholars’ agenda for the past decade. For long, the support for innovation has mainly been provided in the form of fiscal incentives and it has focused on the research and development phase. During the last decade the demand side measures supplemented the toolbox, and the focus has broadened to also cover the commercialisation and scaling up of the innovations. But could the government take an even more proactive role? The thesis in holds three case studies that showcase how the Estonian government has taken a role that extend the traditional innovation policy approaches. The first case shows the motivations, setup and outcomes of the Estonian electromobility pilot programme ELMO. An innovation that spans across sectors and challenges well-established consumption patterns requires innovativeness also in the innovation governance. A small and agile country can become a living lab for experimenting with such solutions. The second case takes a closer look at the pilot project of the electric cars short-term rental service’s first users. Unlike the survey-based studies about the intention to buy an electric car, there is more variety in the short-term rental service users, especially among those who have made 1-2 trials. The profile of repeat users is more similar to those of the potential electric cars’ buyers. Hence, in addition to piloting the car-as-a-service business model, the pilot project serves also as the risk-free test and demonstration platform for potential buyers. The third case focuses on the international vaccination certificate, but similarly, the focus lies on the government’s role in enabling and accelerating its diffusion. The current WHO-governed yellow booklet is in place already since 1962. But its digitalisation is technically much easier than achieving its global acceptance. The adoption requires international collaboration at various levels, and the key success factor is the ability to create and uphold trust among the stakeholders. As all innovations require trust for their diffusion, the government’s role as a trust credit provider can be crucial. Additionally, all these cases provide insights for innovating the innovation governance itself.
“How to support innovations that could help to solve the societal grand challenges?” – this question has been actively on the innovation management scholars’ agenda for the past decade. For long, the support for innovation has mainly been provided in the form of fiscal incentives and it has focused on the research and development phase. During the last decade the demand side measures supplemented the toolbox, and the focus has broadened to also cover the commercialisation and scaling up of the innovations. But could the government take an even more proactive role? The thesis in holds three case studies that showcase how the Estonian government has taken a role that extend the traditional innovation policy approaches. The first case shows the motivations, setup and outcomes of the Estonian electromobility pilot programme ELMO. An innovation that spans across sectors and challenges well-established consumption patterns requires innovativeness also in the innovation governance. A small and agile country can become a living lab for experimenting with such solutions. The second case takes a closer look at the pilot project of the electric cars short-term rental service’s first users. Unlike the survey-based studies about the intention to buy an electric car, there is more variety in the short-term rental service users, especially among those who have made 1-2 trials. The profile of repeat users is more similar to those of the potential electric cars’ buyers. Hence, in addition to piloting the car-as-a-service business model, the pilot project serves also as the risk-free test and demonstration platform for potential buyers. The third case focuses on the international vaccination certificate, but similarly, the focus lies on the government’s role in enabling and accelerating its diffusion. The current WHO-governed yellow booklet is in place already since 1962. But its digitalisation is technically much easier than achieving its global acceptance. The adoption requires international collaboration at various levels, and the key success factor is the ability to create and uphold trust among the stakeholders. As all innovations require trust for their diffusion, the government’s role as a trust credit provider can be crucial. Additionally, all these cases provide insights for innovating the innovation governance itself.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
innovations, society, nation, innovation strategy, innovation policy