Unseen homeland: the construction of Tibet in the diaspora
Date
2022-12-16
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Abstract
Sissejuhatusest ja kolmest artiklist koosnev väitekiri analüüsib välistiibetlaste ettekujutusi oma kodumaast kolmel erineval näitel: miss Tiibeti iludusvõistlus, riigioraakel ja poliitilised karikatuurid. Uurimus on interdistsiplinaarne, sidudes omavahel folkloristikat ja sotsiaalantropoloogiat. Folkloristikale tugineb traditsiooni ja kultuuri mõtestamine töös, sotsiaalantropoloogial põhineb etnilise ja rahvusliku identiteedi käsitus. Väitekirja algallikateks on intervjuud, veebis läbi viidud küsitlused ja välitööde andmed, mis pärinevad nii läänemaailmas kui ka Indias elavatelt tiibetlastelt.
Miss Tiibeti iludusvõistlus, mis on aastate vältel toimunud Dharamsalas, Indias, annab tunnistust protsessist, mille sisuks on kujutluse loomine ühtse ajaloo, kultuuri ja identiteediga Tiibetist. Selle võistluse käigus kaovad piirkondlikud ja usulised erinevused ning noored naised esindavad ideaali ühtsest Tiibetist. Ometi pole kõik välistiibetlased sellise ideega nõus, mis põhjustab pingeid. Riigioraaklist ehk Nechungi oraaklist kirjutatud artikkel lahkabki selliseid kogukonnasiseseid konflikte. Kunagisest kohaliku tähtsusega oraaklist on nüüd saanud kõigi välistiibetlaste oraakel sõltumata nende usulisest ja piirkondlikust taustast. Niisamuti on dalai-laamast saanud Tiibeti identiteediloomes sedavõrd keskne kuju, et tiibetlased, kes ei nõustu tema poliitikaga, riskivad sellega, et nad võidakse kogukonnast välja heita. Seejuures on „traditsioonist“ ja „kultuurist“ saanud vahendid, mille abil tiibetlaste enamus surub alla vähemust, kes ei jaga veendumust, et tiibetlaste ühtsus on vajalik ülimaks eesmärgiks ehk Tiibeti vabastamiseks. Kolmas artikkel Tiibeti poliitilistest karikatuuridest käsitlebki põhjalikult neid sotsiaalseid pingeid, mida tiibetlaste seas valitsevad lahkarvamused põhjustavad
The three articles of the thesis analyze how diasporic Tibetans imagine their homeland, in three different contexts: the State Oracle, the Miss Tibet beauty pageant, and political cartoons. The thesis is interdisciplinary, intersecting with folklore and social anthropology. I depend on social anthropologists in dealing with the concepts of ethnic and national identity, and on folklorists regarding the concepts of tradition and culture. The primary sources are virtual and in-person interviews, online surveys, and fieldwork data. The topics of the articles may seem widely divergent, but in all of them I endeavor to show how diasporic Tibetans construct an imagined Tibet. Tibetans have settled in the West and in Asia, with the majority still living in India. In the diasporic community what is known as ‘Greater Tibet’ encompasses the entire Tibetan Plateau. There is a process of creating a homogenous Tibetan history, culture, and identity, visible in the Miss Tibet pageant. The Tibetan ethno-nationalism fostered by the dominant group in the Tibetan diaspora is highlighted in the pageant, where regional and religious differences between Tibetans vanish, with the young women representing the idea of a unified Tibet. Some Tibetans oppose that idea, and the article on the State Oracle shows this tension growing in the community. What was once a regional oracle has now become the oracle of all Tibetans in the diaspora, irrespective of their religious and regional background. Moreover, the Dalai Lama has become the central element in Tibetan identity construction, so much so that people who go against his policies risk being expelled from the community. I therefore discuss ‘culture’ and ‘tradition’ as means by which the dominant majority, believing that the unity of Tibetans will lead to the ultimate goal of a free Tibet, suppresses a minority that challenges that view. The ensuing social tension is discussed in detail in the article on Tibetan political cartoons.
The three articles of the thesis analyze how diasporic Tibetans imagine their homeland, in three different contexts: the State Oracle, the Miss Tibet beauty pageant, and political cartoons. The thesis is interdisciplinary, intersecting with folklore and social anthropology. I depend on social anthropologists in dealing with the concepts of ethnic and national identity, and on folklorists regarding the concepts of tradition and culture. The primary sources are virtual and in-person interviews, online surveys, and fieldwork data. The topics of the articles may seem widely divergent, but in all of them I endeavor to show how diasporic Tibetans construct an imagined Tibet. Tibetans have settled in the West and in Asia, with the majority still living in India. In the diasporic community what is known as ‘Greater Tibet’ encompasses the entire Tibetan Plateau. There is a process of creating a homogenous Tibetan history, culture, and identity, visible in the Miss Tibet pageant. The Tibetan ethno-nationalism fostered by the dominant group in the Tibetan diaspora is highlighted in the pageant, where regional and religious differences between Tibetans vanish, with the young women representing the idea of a unified Tibet. Some Tibetans oppose that idea, and the article on the State Oracle shows this tension growing in the community. What was once a regional oracle has now become the oracle of all Tibetans in the diaspora, irrespective of their religious and regional background. Moreover, the Dalai Lama has become the central element in Tibetan identity construction, so much so that people who go against his policies risk being expelled from the community. I therefore discuss ‘culture’ and ‘tradition’ as means by which the dominant majority, believing that the unity of Tibetans will lead to the ultimate goal of a free Tibet, suppresses a minority that challenges that view. The ensuing social tension is discussed in detail in the article on Tibetan political cartoons.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
Tibet, Tibetans, diaspora, exile, ethnic identity, national culture, nationalism, folkloristics, social anthropology, interdisciplinary research