Kommertspant ettevõtja vallasvarale
Date
2023-01-12
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Abstract
Eesti õiguses tuntud kommertspant kujutab endast generaalpandi liiki, mille koha on leitud, et tegemist on tagatisõiguste süsteemis nn „süsteemivälise elemendiga“, mis ei järgi asjaõigusele omast spetsialiteedipõhimõtet. Mida kommertspant kui generaalpant endast kujutab ja milleks on teda üldse vaja? Millised on kommertspandile iseloomulikud tunnused? Kuidas suhestub kommertspant teiste tagatisõigustega ja millises järjekohasuhtes ta nendega on? Millist mõju avaldab tagatisõiguste registreerimine nende järjekohasuhtele? Kuidas peaks kommertspanti realiseerima? Need on küsimused, millele doktoritöö otsib vastuseid. Töö eesmärgiks on selgitada välja kommertspandi kui generaalpandi olemuslikud eripärad ning teha kindlaks, kas kehtiv regulatsioon võtab neid eripärasid piisaval määral arvesse kogu kommertspandi elutsükli jooksul, st alates kommertspandi seadmisest kuni selle realiseerimiseni või vajaks kehtiv regulatsioon muudatusi. Töös jõutakse järeldusele, et kehtiv õigus vajab muutmist, kuna võrreldes mitmete teiste riikide õigusega, ei taga Eesti kehtiv õigus piisavat paindlikkust kommertspandi ulatuse kujundamisel. Kehtiv õigus vajab seetõttu muutmist, kas seeläbi, et luua üldine valduseta tagatisõigus, millega on võimalik koormata nii ükskuid esemeid, varakogumeid kui kogu ettevõtja vallasvara, nii olemasolevat kui tulevikus tekkivat või alternatiivselt laiendada kommertspandi ulatust. Kehtivas õiguses esineb olulisi puudujääke valduseta tagatisõiguste kolmandatele isikutele nähtavaks tegemise osa, mis mõjutab negatiivselt ka kommertspandi õiguskindlust. Lahendamaks eelnimetatud probleemi, tuleks luua valduseta tagatisõiguste registreerimiseks keskne tagatisõiguste register, mis oleks ettevõtjapõhine ja milles tuleks registreerida kõik valduseta tagatisõigused selleks, et nad oleksid kehtivad kolmandate isikute suhtes, st võlausaldajad, kohtutäiturid, saneerimisnõustaja, pankrotihaldur. Lähtudes tagatisõiguste registreerimisest tagatisõiguste registris on võimalik kindlaks määrata ka valduseta tagatisõiguste omavaheline järjekohasuhe põhimõttel, et eesõiguse saab alati tagatisõigus, mis esimesena registreeritakse. Samuti jõutakse töös järelduseni, et kehtiv õigus vajab muutmist ka saneerimis- ja pankrotimenetluse osas, tagamaks kommertspandipidaja kui tagatud võlausaldaja huvid ja kommertspandiga koormatud vara efektiivne realiseerimine.
Estonian law knows the commercial pledge which is a type of general pledge. The commercial pledge has been found to be non-compatible with the “normal” system of security rights as it does not follow the principle of specificity inherent to property law. What is the essence of the commercial pledge as a general pledge and why is it needed? What are the characteristics of the commercial pledge? How does the commercial pledge relate to other security rights and how is the priority right determined between a commercial pledge and other security rights? What effect does the registration of security rights have on their ranking? How should a commercial pledge be realized? These are the questions that the dissertation seeks to answer. The aim of the dissertation is to define the essential features of the commercial pledge and to determine whether the current legislation takes these features sufficiently into account throughout the life cycle of the commercial pledge, i.e., from the establishment of the commercial pledge until its realization. It is concluded that the current law needs to be amended, because compared to many other countries, the current Estonian law does not provide sufficient flexibility in determining the scope of the commercial pledge. Existing law therefore needs to be amended, either by creating a universal non-possessory security right, which can be used to encumber individual objects, variable assets, and all movable property of the company, both existing and future. An alternative would be to extend the scope of the commercial pledge. There are significant shortcomings in the current law regarding the disclosure of non-possessory security rights to third parties, which also negatively affects the legal certainty of the commercial pledge. To address this problem, a centralized debtor-based register should be established to record all non-possessory security rights to make them effective against third parties, e.g., creditors, bailiffs, reorganization advisers, bankruptcy administrators. Based on the registration of the security rights in the register, it is also possible to determine the ranking between non-possession security rights on the principle that the priority is always given to the security right that is registered first. It is also concluded that the current law needs to be amended with regard to reorganization and bankruptcy proceedings in order to secure the interests of the commercial pledgee as a secured creditor and the effective realization of the assets encumbered by the commercial pledge.
Estonian law knows the commercial pledge which is a type of general pledge. The commercial pledge has been found to be non-compatible with the “normal” system of security rights as it does not follow the principle of specificity inherent to property law. What is the essence of the commercial pledge as a general pledge and why is it needed? What are the characteristics of the commercial pledge? How does the commercial pledge relate to other security rights and how is the priority right determined between a commercial pledge and other security rights? What effect does the registration of security rights have on their ranking? How should a commercial pledge be realized? These are the questions that the dissertation seeks to answer. The aim of the dissertation is to define the essential features of the commercial pledge and to determine whether the current legislation takes these features sufficiently into account throughout the life cycle of the commercial pledge, i.e., from the establishment of the commercial pledge until its realization. It is concluded that the current law needs to be amended, because compared to many other countries, the current Estonian law does not provide sufficient flexibility in determining the scope of the commercial pledge. Existing law therefore needs to be amended, either by creating a universal non-possessory security right, which can be used to encumber individual objects, variable assets, and all movable property of the company, both existing and future. An alternative would be to extend the scope of the commercial pledge. There are significant shortcomings in the current law regarding the disclosure of non-possessory security rights to third parties, which also negatively affects the legal certainty of the commercial pledge. To address this problem, a centralized debtor-based register should be established to record all non-possessory security rights to make them effective against third parties, e.g., creditors, bailiffs, reorganization advisers, bankruptcy administrators. Based on the registration of the security rights in the register, it is also possible to determine the ranking between non-possession security rights on the principle that the priority is always given to the security right that is registered first. It is also concluded that the current law needs to be amended with regard to reorganization and bankruptcy proceedings in order to secure the interests of the commercial pledgee as a secured creditor and the effective realization of the assets encumbered by the commercial pledge.
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Keywords
commercial pledge, personal property, law of property