Towards a realist approach to the challenge of fictional models: augmented determination
Kuupäev
2023-05-22
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
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Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Doktoritöös käsitletakse kahe filosoofilise vaatekoha, teadusliku realismi ja antirealismi vahelise vaidluse üht konkreetset tahku. Teadusliku realismi järgi on teadvusest sõltumatu maailmaosa olemas ja me teame seda teaduslike teooriate kaudu. Et seletada teadusteooriate edu, peavad realistid neid tõesteks maailmakirjeldusteks. Antirealistid, teiselt poolt, ja instrumentalistid iseäranis, peavad teaduslikke teooriaid fenomenide klassifitseerimise ja tulevikusündmuste ennustamise instrumentideks, neile tõeväärtusi omistamata.
Esitan argumendid instrumentalismi vastu, et valmistada ette pinda omaenda seisukoha kaitsmiseks. See puudutab vaidluse tahku, mis paistab realismi positsioone ohustavat. Teaduspraktikas kasutatakse edukalt fiktsionaalse iseloomuga mudeleid, mis ei esinda mingit tegelikus maailmas eksisteerivat reaalset süsteemi. Sellega seatakse realismile omane edukuse ja tõesuse vaheline seos kahtluse alla. Seda probleemi on ulatuslikult käsitlenud Alisa Bokulich. Tema vastuseks sellele realismile esitatud väljakutsele on mõõdukas teadusliku realismi vorm, mis sobib kokku sääraste mudelite seletusliku, ehkki fiktsionaalse iseloomuga. Minu alternatiivne ettepanek on realismi muutmise asemel modifitseerida teooria või mudeli poolt loodava füüsikalise situatsiooni representatsiooni mõistet. Sel eesmärgil näitan, kuidas fiktsionaalne mudel võib pakkuda süsteemi osalise representatsiooni, tabades selle olulisi aspekte, ehkki süsteemi täielikku esitust ei saavutata.
Minu argument on rajatud sellele, et on võimalik, et fiktsionaalsed mudelid esindavad teooriaid kindlaksmääratud viisil. Selle võimaluse teostamisel on otsustava tähtsusega „abstraktsiooniredeli“ mõiste. Selle abil on võimalik säilitada seos teooriate tõesuse ja edukuse vahel, ehkki see pole enam otsene. Illustreerimaks keerukat seost tõe ja edukuse vahel, nimetan selle seose loomise kompleksset protsessi „Laiendatud determinatsiooniks“. Oma väitekirja lõpuosas uurin, kuidas saab kitsendada nähtuste võimalike seletuste ala tegelikult kohaseimale. See toimub pidevas teadusliku uurimistöö võimaluste laiendamises ja kitsendamises, mis näitab, et teadus on jätkuv teadmiste loomise protsess maailma kohta.
This thesis aims at discussing an aspect of the debate between the philosophical positions of scientific realism and antirealism. Scientific realism is the view that there is a mind independent world which is knowable trough scientific theories. To explain the success of scientific theories, scientific realists consider those theories to be true depictions of the world. Antirealists, in particular the trend of so-called instrumentalists, do not accept truth assignments to theories; instead, they claim that theories are only instruments to organize and predict observable phenomena. I present arguments against instrumentalist positions, preparing the ground for the subject of my own interest. This is an aspect of the debate, which seems to undermine the realist position. It concerns the successful use in scientific practice of a kind of models that are fictional, in the sense that they do not represent any real system existing in the world. Therefore, the realist connection between success and truth is challenged. Such models have been extensively studied by Alicia Bokulich. To answer the challenge, she proposes a ‘moderate’ version of realism. In this thesis I put forward an alternative solution. Instead of modifying realism, I propose to modify the notion of representation of a physical situation by a model or a theory. To this end, I explain how a fictional model can offer a partial representation of a system, capturing certain essential aspect of it despite failing to represent it in its totality. The main idea of my argument depends on the possibility of fictional models to act as ‘proxies’ for theories in a well-defined way. The notion of ‘a ladder of abstractions’ is crucial in establishing this possibility. In this way, the link between success and truth is maintained: however, now it is not straightforward. To highlight this more sophisticated link of truth with success, I dub the complex process of establishing it and ‘Augmented Determination’. I conclude my thesis by examining how a range of possible explanation of a phenomenon can be narrowed down to what is the actual case. This is the process of continuous expansion and restriction of possibilities in scientific research, showing that science is an ongoing enterprise producing knowledge about the world.
This thesis aims at discussing an aspect of the debate between the philosophical positions of scientific realism and antirealism. Scientific realism is the view that there is a mind independent world which is knowable trough scientific theories. To explain the success of scientific theories, scientific realists consider those theories to be true depictions of the world. Antirealists, in particular the trend of so-called instrumentalists, do not accept truth assignments to theories; instead, they claim that theories are only instruments to organize and predict observable phenomena. I present arguments against instrumentalist positions, preparing the ground for the subject of my own interest. This is an aspect of the debate, which seems to undermine the realist position. It concerns the successful use in scientific practice of a kind of models that are fictional, in the sense that they do not represent any real system existing in the world. Therefore, the realist connection between success and truth is challenged. Such models have been extensively studied by Alicia Bokulich. To answer the challenge, she proposes a ‘moderate’ version of realism. In this thesis I put forward an alternative solution. Instead of modifying realism, I propose to modify the notion of representation of a physical situation by a model or a theory. To this end, I explain how a fictional model can offer a partial representation of a system, capturing certain essential aspect of it despite failing to represent it in its totality. The main idea of my argument depends on the possibility of fictional models to act as ‘proxies’ for theories in a well-defined way. The notion of ‘a ladder of abstractions’ is crucial in establishing this possibility. In this way, the link between success and truth is maintained: however, now it is not straightforward. To highlight this more sophisticated link of truth with success, I dub the complex process of establishing it and ‘Augmented Determination’. I conclude my thesis by examining how a range of possible explanation of a phenomenon can be narrowed down to what is the actual case. This is the process of continuous expansion and restriction of possibilities in scientific research, showing that science is an ongoing enterprise producing knowledge about the world.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
theories, fictionalism, models, realism, antirealism, epistemology