Passiv i moderne dansk, norsk og svensk Et korpusbaseret studie af tale- og skriftsprog
Date
2012-10-22
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Abstract
Käesolevas väitekirjas uuritakse taani, norra ja rootsi keele passiivi ja selle kasutamist. Väitekirja lähtekohaks ei ole aktiivsete ja passiivsete lausete omavaheline vastandus, vaid tõsiasi, et nimetatud kolmes keeles on kaks produktiivset võimalust passiivi moodustamiseks – nii sünteetiline (morfoloogiline) kui analüütiline (perifrastiline) võimalus. Samuti on lähtutud hüpoteesist, et keele grammatiliste vormide vahel tuleb harva ette absoluutset sünonüümiat. See tähendab, et kui keeles on kaks erinevat vormi või konstruktsiooni sama sisu väljendamiseks, siis esineb vormide kasutuses erinevusi. Valikut vormide vahel võivad mõjutada morfosüntaktilised, leksikaalsed, semantilised, stilistilised vm aspektid. Neid erinevaid aspekte antud töös uuritaksegi.
Uurimuse aluseks on võrreldavatele korpustele tuginev komparatiivne keelekasutuse analüüs. Empiiriline materjal koosneb nii kõne- kui kirjakeele korpustest, millest kumbki on esindatud kahe erineva žanriga: ajaleheartiklid, ilukirjandus, väitlused ja vestlused. Mitmed uuemad keeleteaduslikud uurimused on nimelt näidanud olulisi erinevusi kirjaliku ja suulise keele grammatikate vahel. Antud uurimus kinnitas osaliselt eelnevaid tulemusi, kuid näitas samas, et passiivi kasutamine on pigem mõjutatud konkreetse žanri situatiivsetest ja stilistilistest omadustest kui suulisest või kirjalikust meediumist.
Nagu tänapäeva komparatiivset meetodit rakendavad keeleuurijad on rõhutanud, ei ole võrdleva uuringu eesmärgiks mitte ainult välja selgitada keeltevahelisi sarnasusi ja erinevusi, vaid keelte võrdlev analüüs peaks andma uusi teadmisi ka üksikute, võrdluse aluseks olevate keelte kohta. Nii ka selles töös. Varasemates töödes esitatud süstemaatilised erinevused kahe passiivivormi vahel ei osutunud nii kategoorilisteks üheski uuritud keeles. Samuti on ilmne, et hoolimata uuritud keelte geneetilisest ja tüpoloogilisest lähedusest, on keelte vahel olulised erinevused. Valikuid kahe passiivi vahel mõjutavad keeleti erinevad ja mitte ainult semantilised faktorid.
The thesis examines the passive voice and its use in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. The focus of the thesis is not on the distinction between active and passive sentences. Rather, it is the fact that the three languages have the same two ways to form passive voice: a synthetic (morphological) and an analytic (periphrastic) option. Both of these are productive. We proceed from the hypothesis that the grammatical options of a language are never absolute synonyms; even if a language in principle has two or more ways to express the same content, there might still be morphosyntactic, lexical, semantic, stylistic, or other differences that influence the choice between the available options. The impact of these aspects is examined in the thesis. The contrastive study is based on a number of comparable corpora. The empirical material includes both spoken and written language, each of which is represented by two different genres: newspaper articles, fictional prose, debates and conversations. Newer language studies have shown significant differences in the grammar of the written and spoken language. Our results partially confirm the previous results. However, the analysis indicates that the situational and stylistic characteristics of the genre are more important for the choice of passive form than the medium. As linguists using contrastive approach have pointed out, the comparative study aims not only to identify similarities and differences between languages; comparative analysis is also a tool that might provide new insights into the individual languages in the comparison. This is also so in this work. The differences between the two forms of the passive voice turned out to be less categorical than claimed by earlier studies. It is also evident that, in spite of the genetic and typological proximity of the languages studied, there are important differences between the languages, and the factors that determine the choice of passive form vary from language to language. The choice between the two passive options is influenced by multiple factors not only related to semantics.
The thesis examines the passive voice and its use in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. The focus of the thesis is not on the distinction between active and passive sentences. Rather, it is the fact that the three languages have the same two ways to form passive voice: a synthetic (morphological) and an analytic (periphrastic) option. Both of these are productive. We proceed from the hypothesis that the grammatical options of a language are never absolute synonyms; even if a language in principle has two or more ways to express the same content, there might still be morphosyntactic, lexical, semantic, stylistic, or other differences that influence the choice between the available options. The impact of these aspects is examined in the thesis. The contrastive study is based on a number of comparable corpora. The empirical material includes both spoken and written language, each of which is represented by two different genres: newspaper articles, fictional prose, debates and conversations. Newer language studies have shown significant differences in the grammar of the written and spoken language. Our results partially confirm the previous results. However, the analysis indicates that the situational and stylistic characteristics of the genre are more important for the choice of passive form than the medium. As linguists using contrastive approach have pointed out, the comparative study aims not only to identify similarities and differences between languages; comparative analysis is also a tool that might provide new insights into the individual languages in the comparison. This is also so in this work. The differences between the two forms of the passive voice turned out to be less categorical than claimed by earlier studies. It is also evident that, in spite of the genetic and typological proximity of the languages studied, there are important differences between the languages, and the factors that determine the choice of passive form vary from language to language. The choice between the two passive options is influenced by multiple factors not only related to semantics.
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Keywords
taani keel, norra keel, rootsi keel, passiiv, võrdlev keeleteadus, korpuslingvistika, kõnekeel, kirjakeel, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, passive voice, comparative linguistics, corpus linguistics, spoken language, written language