Pro-forms in spoken courland Livonian
Date
2023-04-06
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Abstract
Doktoritöös keskendutakse neljale Kuramaa liivi keeles sagedasti kasutatud asesõnade rühmale, milleks on isikulised asesõnad (nt minā, ma ‘mina, ma’), näitavad asesõnad (nt se ‘see’ ja tūo ‘too’), näitavad aseomadussõnad (nt seļļi ‘selline’) ja asemäärsõnad, mida saab omakorda jagada kohamäärsõnadeks (nt täsā, täs ‘siin’), viisimäärsõnadeks (nt ne’i ‘nii’) ja ajamäärsõnadeks (nt si’z ‘siis’). Kuramaa liivi keele provormid on nii morfoloogia kui ka kasutuse poolest mitmekesised: isikuliste asesõnade ja kohamäärsõnade hulgast leiab kas tüve või käänelõpu poolest pikki kui ka lühikesi vorme ning kohamäärsõnade puhul võib ühele tähendusele vastata ka mitu eritüvelist vormi, näiteks tähendusele ‘siin’ võivad Kuramaa liivi keeles vasteks olla nii vormid täsā, täs kui ka sī’ḑš, sī’ḑ, sīn.
Provormide täpsema kasutuse uurimiseks on töös koostatud kaks korpust kuue emakeelse kõneleja spontaanse keele salvestistest Tartu Ülikooli eesti murrete ja sugulaskeelte arhiivis. Salvestised on tehtud aastatel 1986–2012. Doktoritöös keskenduti kuuele uurimisküsimusele provormide morfoloogilise mitmekesisuse, pikkade ja lühikeste vormide ilmnemise ja nende kasutuserinevuste kohta; uuriti, kas ja kuidas erineb tänapäevane provormide kasutus varasemates allikates kirjeldatust; kas grammatikate põhjal kadumas olev asesõna tūo esineb suulises keeles veel iseseisvas kasutuses ning milliseid erinevaid semantilis-pragmaatilisi kasutusfunktsioone provormidel on. Ilmnes, et suulise keele materjalis leidus ka seni kirjeldamata vorme, enim just isikuliste ja näitavate asesõnade nimetavas käändes, samuti on nominatiivis enamik pikki vorme sagedamini rõhutatud ning neid kasutatakse kontrastiivses, individuaalsust rõhutavas või narratiivses kontekstis. Kaugemat viidet märkiv asesõna tūo esines andmestikus ka iseseisvas kasutuses, kuigi sellest leidus materjalis siiski vaid üksikuid näiteid. Lisaks sõnaraamatutes kirjeldatud põhitähendustele oli provormidel materjalis mitmeid erinevaid semantilis-pragmaatilisi funktsioone, märkides muuhulgas näiteks äratuntavust või olles kasutusel ka partiklitena.
The dissertation is focused on the four frequently used groups of pro-forms in Courland Livonian: personal pronouns (e.g., minā, ma ‘I’), demonstrative pronouns (e.g., se ‘this’ and tūo ‘that’), demonstrative proadjectives (e.g., seļļi ‘such’) and proadverbs which can be divided into locational proadverbs (e.g., täsā, täs ‘here’), manner-indicating proadverbs (e.g., ne’i ‘so’), and temporal proadverbs (e.g., si’z ‘then’). The use of them is diverse: for example, many personal pronoun forms show both long and short forms according to the stem or the case ending, and among locational proadverbs one meaning can have several equivalents of different stems, e.g., the meaning ‘here’ may be expressed with the forms täsā or täs, but also with sī’ḑš, sī’ḑ or sīn. For researching the pro-forms in more detail, two corpora of spontaneous language recordings with six native speakers were compiled. The recordings are taken from the University of Tartu Archive of Estonian Dialects and Kindred Languages and were made in 1986–2012. In the dissertation, there were six research questions about the diversity of the inflectional forms, the variety of long and short forms and their use differences; it was studied if the pro-forms in nowadays spoken language differ from these mentioned in earlier sources; if the distal demonstrative pronoun tūo said to be disappearing would occur; and which semantic-pragmatic functions do pro-forms show. It appeared that in the data there were also some this far undescribed forms, especially in the nominative case of personal and demonstrative pronouns. Also, in nominative, most of the personal pronouns were more often stressed and appeared in the context of marking the referent’s individuality or of contrasting or narrating. The pronoun tūo appeared in the data, although the examples of it were rare. In addition to the main meanings described in earlier grammars and dictionaries, the pro-forms showed several different semantic-pragmatic functions in the data, e.g., marking recognition or being used as particles.
The dissertation is focused on the four frequently used groups of pro-forms in Courland Livonian: personal pronouns (e.g., minā, ma ‘I’), demonstrative pronouns (e.g., se ‘this’ and tūo ‘that’), demonstrative proadjectives (e.g., seļļi ‘such’) and proadverbs which can be divided into locational proadverbs (e.g., täsā, täs ‘here’), manner-indicating proadverbs (e.g., ne’i ‘so’), and temporal proadverbs (e.g., si’z ‘then’). The use of them is diverse: for example, many personal pronoun forms show both long and short forms according to the stem or the case ending, and among locational proadverbs one meaning can have several equivalents of different stems, e.g., the meaning ‘here’ may be expressed with the forms täsā or täs, but also with sī’ḑš, sī’ḑ or sīn. For researching the pro-forms in more detail, two corpora of spontaneous language recordings with six native speakers were compiled. The recordings are taken from the University of Tartu Archive of Estonian Dialects and Kindred Languages and were made in 1986–2012. In the dissertation, there were six research questions about the diversity of the inflectional forms, the variety of long and short forms and their use differences; it was studied if the pro-forms in nowadays spoken language differ from these mentioned in earlier sources; if the distal demonstrative pronoun tūo said to be disappearing would occur; and which semantic-pragmatic functions do pro-forms show. It appeared that in the data there were also some this far undescribed forms, especially in the nominative case of personal and demonstrative pronouns. Also, in nominative, most of the personal pronouns were more often stressed and appeared in the context of marking the referent’s individuality or of contrasting or narrating. The pronoun tūo appeared in the data, although the examples of it were rare. In addition to the main meanings described in earlier grammars and dictionaries, the pro-forms showed several different semantic-pragmatic functions in the data, e.g., marking recognition or being used as particles.
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Keywords
Courland, Livonian language, pronouns, adverbs, deixis, morphosyntax, semantics, pragmatics