The genetic history of the Mediterranean before the common era: a focus on the Italian Peninsula
Date
2022-06-27
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Abstract
Rohkearvulised ja erisugused uuringud on panustanud meie arusaamisesse inimajaloost. Inimasustuse ajalugu Euroopas sisaldab mitmeid etappe, sealhulgas küttide-korilaste Lääne-Euraasias elamine paleoliitikumis, põlluharimise ja karjakasvatuse kasutuselevõtt läbi kontaktide Levantist ja Anatooliast (Lääne-Aasia) Euroopasse rännanud inimestega ja Ponto-Kaspia stepirahvaste migratsioon. Enamik senistest uuringutest on keskendunud üldistele geneetilistele muutustele Euroopas ja nende seostele arheoloogiliste tõendite ja ajalooliste sündmustega. Sellegi poolest on mõned Euroopa piirkonnad jätkuvalt väheuuritud ja neile keskendumine võib aidata täita lünki inimeste rändeajaloos.
See doktoritöö keskendub geneetilise ja sotsiaalse struktuuriga seotud muutustele Apenniini poolsaarel viimase jääaja maksimumi lõpust Rooma vabariigi loomiseni umbes 2000 aastat tagasi. Uuringu tarbeks genereeriti ülegenoomsed andmed inimsäilmetest, mis pärinesid mitmetest arheoloogilistest leiukohtadest. Neid andmeid analüüsiti varem avaldatud Euraasia ülegenoomsete andmete kontekstis, et uurida ammuste populatsioonide geneetilist ülesehitust ja selle muutusi läbi aja. Lõplik andmestik koosneb Euraasia indiviididest, kes pärinevad paleoliitikumist (43–5 tuhat aastat enne meie aega) rauaajani (1100–700 aastat enne meie aega).
Tulemused näitavad, et Apenniini poolsaart on mõjutanud järjestikused migratsioonid, mis peegelduvad tänapäeva itaallaste geenitiigis ja on jätnud jälje kultuuri. Täpsemalt saabus eneoliitikumi-pronksiaja üleminekul stepist pärit inimestega uus geneetiline komponent ning matmiskombestikus toimunud muutused viitavad muudatustele ka sotsiaalses struktuuris. Rauaajal võib Apenniini poolsaare kaguosas näha erinevaid päritolumustreid, millest nähtub suur geneetiline varieeruvus.
Numerous and varied genetic studies have given a new insight into our understanding of the human past. The human history of Eurasia includes multiple stages of habitation such as hunter-gatherers living in Western Eurasia during the Palaeolithic, the first contact between non-local people from the Levant and Anatolia with the introduction of agriculture and domestication to the local people during the Neolithic, and the arrival of ‘Steppe’ people from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. Most of the studies have been focused on the wider spectrum of genetic changes in Eurasia and the connection with archaeological evidence and historical events. However, some areas of Eurasia are still understudied, and their exploration will add more knowledge to the open gaps in the human migration history. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the genetic and social structure-related changes of ancient human individuals from the Italian Peninsula between the last glacial maximum and ~2,000 years ago parallel with the beginning of the Roman Republic For the study, genome-wide data is generated from human remains excavated from several archaeological sites. This data is analysed in the context of previously published genome-wide data of Eurasia to study the genetic compositions and changes thereof of the ancient individuals over time. The final dataset consists of individuals from Eurasia dated between the Palaeolithic (43,000-5,000 BCE) and Iron Age (1,100-700 BCE). The results show that the Italian Peninsula has been shaped by continuous migration events reflected in the gene pool of present-day Italians and leaving their marks on the cultures. In particular, during the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition, a new genetic component arrived with the Steppe people suggesting possible social structural changes seen in burial practises. In the Iron Age period, the high genetic heterogeneity is seen in the divergence of the ancestral components presented in the Southeastern Italian Peninsula.
Numerous and varied genetic studies have given a new insight into our understanding of the human past. The human history of Eurasia includes multiple stages of habitation such as hunter-gatherers living in Western Eurasia during the Palaeolithic, the first contact between non-local people from the Levant and Anatolia with the introduction of agriculture and domestication to the local people during the Neolithic, and the arrival of ‘Steppe’ people from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. Most of the studies have been focused on the wider spectrum of genetic changes in Eurasia and the connection with archaeological evidence and historical events. However, some areas of Eurasia are still understudied, and their exploration will add more knowledge to the open gaps in the human migration history. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the genetic and social structure-related changes of ancient human individuals from the Italian Peninsula between the last glacial maximum and ~2,000 years ago parallel with the beginning of the Roman Republic For the study, genome-wide data is generated from human remains excavated from several archaeological sites. This data is analysed in the context of previously published genome-wide data of Eurasia to study the genetic compositions and changes thereof of the ancient individuals over time. The final dataset consists of individuals from Eurasia dated between the Palaeolithic (43,000-5,000 BCE) and Iron Age (1,100-700 BCE). The results show that the Italian Peninsula has been shaped by continuous migration events reflected in the gene pool of present-day Italians and leaving their marks on the cultures. In particular, during the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition, a new genetic component arrived with the Steppe people suggesting possible social structural changes seen in burial practises. In the Iron Age period, the high genetic heterogeneity is seen in the divergence of the ancestral components presented in the Southeastern Italian Peninsula.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
human genomes, ancestry, ancient DNA, population genetics, demographic processes, migration (people), Italia