Schmeh, KlausDunin, ElonkaVan Eycke, JarlHelm, LouieAntal, EugenMarák, Pavol2025-05-162025-05-1620251736-6305https://hdl.handle.net/10062/109754The general bigram substitution cipher is an encryption method originating in the Renaissance. It operates using a substitution table that maps each possible letter pair (bigram) to a unique replacement. While conceptually straightforward, this cipher is notably challenging to break, particularly when dealing with short ciphertexts. To inspire further research, one of the authors initiated a bigram substitution challenge featuring a 750-character ciphertext. In this paper, we present the solution to that challenge, achieved by two other authors using a hill climbing algorithm combined with a scoring function based on 8-gram (eight-letter sequence) frequencies. Since no prior 8-gram frequency statistics existed for the English language, one of the authors developed a comprehensive dataset by analyzing 2 terabytes of text, including 5.8 million books and the entire content of Wikipedia. This achievement, to our knowledge, marks the shortest bigram substitution ciphertext ever successfully decrypted. Furthermore, we propose a new challenge based on a 600-character ciphertext and invite readers to tackle it, setting the stage for future advancements in this field.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/bigram substitutiondigraph substitutionPlayfairhill climbingsimulated annealingGiovanni Battista PortaArticle