Desenclos, CamilleLasry, GeorgeAntal, EugenMarák, Pavol2025-05-162025-05-1620251736-6305https://hdl.handle.net/10062/109743In most cases, historical encrypted documents include some parts in cleartext, such as headers, dates, signatures, or addresses, which allows the origin, date, and language of these documents to be established. An attached decrypted text, similar documents (same encryption, homogeneity of date or origin) in the same volume or box, or the catalog description may assist in that process. However, in a few cases, none of these are available, posing several challenges both from cryptanalytic and historical perspectives. Based on three 16th-century case studies, this paper aims to discuss a multidisciplinary method to proceed from an unidentified encrypted document to a workable transcription – decipherment and identification.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Historical cryptographyCryptanalysisEarly modern historyInterdisciplinary workArticle