Kirikukorraldus ja vaimulik elu rootsiaegses Tallinnas
Date
2021-12-06
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Abstract
Väitekirja aluseks on kuus artiklit Tallinna kirikuajaloost 16. sajandi teisel poolel ja 17. sajandil, rõhuasetusega 17. sajandil. „Tallinn“ tähendab väitekirja kontekstis rae jurisdiktsioonile allunud all-linna, Toompead kui vahetult Rootsi riigi administratsioonile allunud ala puudutatakse riivamisi. Tallinna kiriklikus ajaloos oli kõnealune aeg luterliku kiriku ülesehitamise ja kindlustamise ajastu. Poliitiline seotus Saksa-Rooma keisririigiga oli pärast Tallinna minekut Rootsi võimu alla 1561. aastal katkenud, kuid linn püsis endiselt saksakeelse kultuuri mõjuväljas. Sellest tulenevalt vaadeldakse väitekirjas Tallinna kiriku- ja usuajalugu tihedas seoses Saksa varauusaegse luterluse ja Rootsi provintsipoliitikaga. Ainese käsitlemisel lähtutakse kirikust ja religioonist kui varauusaegse linnaühiskonna enesestmõistetavast ja lahutamatust koostisosast. Väitekirjas uuritakse, kuidas mõjutas Tallinna kirikuelu linna kuulumine Rootsi koosseisu; millest sõltus Rootsi kirikupoliitika Tallinna suhtes; millised olid Rootsi võimu tingimustes Tallinna valikud ja võimalused linna kirikliku autonoomia säilitamisel; kuidas ja millises kontekstis kujunes Tallinnas välja luterlik kirikukorraldus; millised olid Tallinna kirikliku põhikorra alused ja eeskujud; millised asjaolud määrasid Tallinnas ilmaliku võimu ja vaimulikkonna vahelisi suhteid; millist vastukaja said Tallinnas 17. sajandi religioossed otsingud ja luterluse probleemid ning kuidas mõjutasid need linna kiriklikku miljööd ja avalikku elu. 17. sajandi Tallinna usulist õhkkonda, ühtlasi ajastu mentaliteete üldisemalt, püütakse muu hulgas tabada linna kahe kirikuõpetaja – eesti koguduse abipastori Georg Mülleri ja eri konfessioonide lähendamist taotleva luterliku teoloogia koolkonna esindaja Andreas Sandhageni – isikuloo kaudu. Kuna väitekirja teema paigutub viimasel poolsajandil Euroopa varauusaja uurimist enim mõjutanud kontseptsiooni, Saksa ajalooteaduses kujundatud konfessionaliseerimise teesi konteksti, siis uuritakse lähemalt ka määratluste „konfessionaalne ajastu“ ja „konfessionaliseerimine“ sisu.
The thesis is based on six articles on the ecclesiastical history of Tallinn (Reval). The period covered in the articles includes the second half of the 16th century and the 17th century, with the main focus being on the 17th century. Here the term “Tallinn” stands for the city’s lower-town that fell under the jurisdiction of the town council; Toompea – the upper town – as an area under direct rule of the Swedish crown, is only briefly touched upon. In the history of Tallinn’s church life this was the period during which the Lutheran church established and secured its position. Since Tallinn came under Swedish rule in 1561, the town’s political ties to the Holy Roman Empire were broken; however, it still remained within the German cultural sphere. Therefore, the topics studied in the articles have been viewed from the perspective of Swedish provincial politics and within the context of Early Modern Period German Lutheranism. The thesis regards the church and religion as integral components of Early Modern Period city life. It analyses how Tallinn’s church life was affected by Swedish rule; what shaped Swedish church politics with regard to Tallinn; what were Tallinn’s options and chances at preserving its ecclesiastical autonomy within the context of Swedish rule; how and under which circumstances was Tallinn’s Lutheran Church Order developed and which texts were taken as its examples; what were the circumstances that determined the relationship between Tallinn’s secular authorities and clerical circles; how the religious currents and internal problems of 17th century Lutheranism were received in Tallinn and what was the impact of these phenomena on the town’s ecclesiastical and public life. The religious atmosphere and the overall mentalities of 17th century Tallinn are also studied through the personal stories of two Tallinn clergymen – Georg Müller, assistant pastor of the Estonian congregation at the Church of the Holy Spirit, and Andreas Sandhagen, a representative of the Lutheran school of thought that supported syncretism – the drawing nearer of different Christian confessions. The topic of this thesis fits into the wider context of “confessionalization” – a concept developed in German historiography that has had a significant impact on the study of Early Modern Period European history over the past half-century. Therefore, a closer look has also been taken at the definitions behind the terms “confessional age” and “confessionalization”.
The thesis is based on six articles on the ecclesiastical history of Tallinn (Reval). The period covered in the articles includes the second half of the 16th century and the 17th century, with the main focus being on the 17th century. Here the term “Tallinn” stands for the city’s lower-town that fell under the jurisdiction of the town council; Toompea – the upper town – as an area under direct rule of the Swedish crown, is only briefly touched upon. In the history of Tallinn’s church life this was the period during which the Lutheran church established and secured its position. Since Tallinn came under Swedish rule in 1561, the town’s political ties to the Holy Roman Empire were broken; however, it still remained within the German cultural sphere. Therefore, the topics studied in the articles have been viewed from the perspective of Swedish provincial politics and within the context of Early Modern Period German Lutheranism. The thesis regards the church and religion as integral components of Early Modern Period city life. It analyses how Tallinn’s church life was affected by Swedish rule; what shaped Swedish church politics with regard to Tallinn; what were Tallinn’s options and chances at preserving its ecclesiastical autonomy within the context of Swedish rule; how and under which circumstances was Tallinn’s Lutheran Church Order developed and which texts were taken as its examples; what were the circumstances that determined the relationship between Tallinn’s secular authorities and clerical circles; how the religious currents and internal problems of 17th century Lutheranism were received in Tallinn and what was the impact of these phenomena on the town’s ecclesiastical and public life. The religious atmosphere and the overall mentalities of 17th century Tallinn are also studied through the personal stories of two Tallinn clergymen – Georg Müller, assistant pastor of the Estonian congregation at the Church of the Holy Spirit, and Andreas Sandhagen, a representative of the Lutheran school of thought that supported syncretism – the drawing nearer of different Christian confessions. The topic of this thesis fits into the wider context of “confessionalization” – a concept developed in German historiography that has had a significant impact on the study of Early Modern Period European history over the past half-century. Therefore, a closer look has also been taken at the definitions behind the terms “confessional age” and “confessionalization”.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
Tallinn, Estonia, The time of Estonia's affiliation to Sweden, 17th century, Lutheran Church, church order, church discipline, congregations, priesthood, church history, historiography, politics of religion, Lutheran orthodoxy