Multidimensionality of aging in a long-lived seabird
Kuupäev
2018-10-10
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Looduslik valik soosib kõige kohasemaid. Parim kohasuse mõõt on aga elu jooksul saadud järglaste arv. Seega peaks looduslik valik suunama kõik liike arenema järjest pikaealisemateks ning viljakamateks. Ometi on loomariigis väga erinevate viljakuste ning eluigadega liike. Seda seetõttu, et looduslikus keskkonnas on limiteeritud ressursid ning iga loomaliik peab neid ressursse oma väliskeskkonda arvestades kõige paremini ära kasutama – esineb lõivsuhe keha eest hoolitsemise ja sigimispingutuse vahel. Vananemist on seni peamiselt uuritud lühiealistel mudelorganismidel, kelle elukäiku on kujundanud pikaealistest liikidest erinevad lõivsuhted. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks on kindlaks teha lõivsuhteid mis pikaealise linnuliigi vananemist suunavad.
Doktoritööst selgub, et kalakajaka kui pikaealise linnuliik investeerib veel kõrges vanuseski rohkelt ressursse keha eest hoolitsemisesse. Töösse kaasatud uuringutest on näiteks selgunud, et vanemad linnud ei erine noorematest oma võime poolest oksüdatiivse stressi vastu võidelda ehk elutegevuseks kasutatava hapniku potentsiaalselt toksilisele mõjule vastu hakata. Samuti suudavad vanemad linnud sama või isegi suurema efektiivsusega oma sulestiku eest hoolt kanda, kuna nende päranipunääre (sulgi kulumise ja parasiitide eest kaitsvat nõret tootev nääre) on noorematest liigikaaslastest isegi suurem.
Samas investeerivad kalakajakad vanuse kasvades üha vähem ressursse järglaste saamisesse. Seda juba partneri meelitamise staadiumis, kuna vanematel kalakajakatel on väiksemad laigud tiivaotstel. Nende laikude suurus aga näitab usaldusväärselt isendi kvaliteeti, kuna ennustab suremistõenäosust. Erinevas vanuses emalindude munade koostist uurides selgus aga, et vanemad linnudladustavad oma munadesse vähem karotenoide. Karotenoidid on seotud vastupanuga hapniku mürgisele toimele ning ehk seetõttu on varem ka näidatud nende positiivset mõju järglaste suurusele. Seega on pikaealistele liikide edule tähtsam pikk, terve eluiga, kui maksimaalse hulga järglaste saamine.
Natural selection favours the fittest. The best measure of fitness is the amount of offspring produced during lifetime. Hence every species should evolve towards a longer life and greater fecundity. Nevertheless, there are species with drastically different life-spans and fecundities. The reason behind it is the fact, that in nature, there is a limited amount of resources that each individual must optimally utilize. That creates trade-offs between using those resources for self-maintenance or reproduction. Senescence has traditionally been studied on short-lived organisms, whose senescence has been modified by different trade-offs than long-lived species. The aim of the current thesis is to determine the trade-offs shaping senescence of a long-lived bird species. The thesis suggests that common gulls as long-lived species invest more into somatic maintenance as they age. From the studies incorporated in the thesis, it is evident, that older birds do not differ from younger ones by their ability to combat oxidative stress (the potential harmful side-effect of oxygen metabolism). Older birds can also take care of their plumage with the same efficiency as their younger counterparts, for their preen glands (a gland, that produces waxes that defend feathers) are even larger, than those of their younger counterparts. On the other hand, common gulls invest less into reproduction with advancing age. It begins with mate attraction, for older gulls have smaller wing patches. The size of those patches is related to health and therefore good indicators of quality. By investigating egg composition of gulls of different ages, I found out, that older birds deposited less carotenoids into their eggs. Carotenoids can potentially defend against oxygen's toxicity and have also been shown to positively correlate with offspring size. It is evident from the thesis that long-lived species prioritize long life and somatic integrity over maximal reproduction.
Natural selection favours the fittest. The best measure of fitness is the amount of offspring produced during lifetime. Hence every species should evolve towards a longer life and greater fecundity. Nevertheless, there are species with drastically different life-spans and fecundities. The reason behind it is the fact, that in nature, there is a limited amount of resources that each individual must optimally utilize. That creates trade-offs between using those resources for self-maintenance or reproduction. Senescence has traditionally been studied on short-lived organisms, whose senescence has been modified by different trade-offs than long-lived species. The aim of the current thesis is to determine the trade-offs shaping senescence of a long-lived bird species. The thesis suggests that common gulls as long-lived species invest more into somatic maintenance as they age. From the studies incorporated in the thesis, it is evident, that older birds do not differ from younger ones by their ability to combat oxidative stress (the potential harmful side-effect of oxygen metabolism). Older birds can also take care of their plumage with the same efficiency as their younger counterparts, for their preen glands (a gland, that produces waxes that defend feathers) are even larger, than those of their younger counterparts. On the other hand, common gulls invest less into reproduction with advancing age. It begins with mate attraction, for older gulls have smaller wing patches. The size of those patches is related to health and therefore good indicators of quality. By investigating egg composition of gulls of different ages, I found out, that older birds deposited less carotenoids into their eggs. Carotenoids can potentially defend against oxygen's toxicity and have also been shown to positively correlate with offspring size. It is evident from the thesis that long-lived species prioritize long life and somatic integrity over maximal reproduction.
Kirjeldus
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Märksõnad
mew gull, longevity (biology), ageing (biology), aquatic birds