Morbidity and mortality among Baltic Chernobyl cleanup workers: a register-based cohort study
Date
2014-06-27
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Abstract
26. aprillil 1986 toimus Tšernobõli tuumajaamas avarii, mille tagajärjel radioaktiivsed ained saastasid põhjapoolkera. Kõige enam kahjustatud aladele Ukrainas saadeti puhastustööd tegema umbes 530 000 inimest (Tšernobõli veterani), kellest veidi üle 17 000 mehe oli pärit Baltimaadest. Kas ja kuidas on Tšernobõli piirkonnas töötamine mõjunud veteranide tervisele?
Epidemioloogiline uuring, milles kasutati Eesti, Läti ja Leedu vähiregistrite andmeid, näitas, et aastatel 1986–2007 oli veteranide ja nende nende riikide meesrahvastiku vähihaigestumus võrdne. Veteranidel diagnoositi sagedamini kilpnäärmevähki, mis on tingitud nende seas tehtud sõeluuringust.
Mõnevõrra põhjalikumalt käsitleti veteranide tervist Eestis, kus saadi andmeid lisaks veel surmapõhjuste registrist ja Haigekassa andmekogust. Veteranide suremus 1986–2011 ei erinenud riigi meesrahvastiku suremusest. Samas ilmnes, et veteranide enesetapurisk oli 30% kõrgem kui meesrahvastikus. Haigekassa 2004.–2012. aasta andmetel tehtud analüüsi järgi oli veteranide ja meesrahvastiku üldhaigestumus (ilma vähkkasvajateta) ühesugune. Silmatorkavaim erinevus ilmnes kilpnäärmehaiguste korral: veteranid haigestusid 1,7 korda sagedamini. On tõenäone, et taoline haigestumuse suurenemine tekkis mitte kiirguse tõttu, vaid see kajastab veteranidele osaks saanud põhjalikumat arstlikku järelevalvet.
Seega veerand sajandit pärast Tšernobõli avariid puudub tõendus, et puhastustöödel saadud väikesed kiirgusannused on suurendanud veteranide haigestumust või suremust.
The April 26, 1986, accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused radioactive pollution that spread over the Northern Hemisphere. Some 530,000 persons, among them a bit over 17,000 men from the Baltic countries, were sent to cleanup in the most affected territories of Ukraine. This study investigates whether and how working in the Chernobyl area had an effect on the clean-up workers’ health. The epidemiological study, based on the data of the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian cancer registries for 1986–2007, showed that cancer incidence among cleanup workers was equal to that of the male population in these countries. An excess of thyroid cancers in cleanup workers is due to thyroid screening among them. The health of cleanup workers has been studied more extensively in Estonia by using additional data from the causes of death registry and the database of the Health Insurance Fund. In 1986–2011, the mortality of cleanup workers did not differ from that in the male population. But the suicide risk of cleanup workers was 30% higher than that of the male population. Non-cancer morbidity analysis revealed almost equal all-disease risk of cleanup workers and male population in 2004–2012. The workers experienced 1.7 times higher risk of thyroid diseases. Probably, this excess risk is not explained by radiation, but it indicates that the cleanup workers were kept under closer medical supervision. Thus, a quarter of century after the Chernobyl accident, there is no evidence of increased morbidity or mortality of cleanup workers attributable to radiation doses received during cleanup activities.
The April 26, 1986, accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused radioactive pollution that spread over the Northern Hemisphere. Some 530,000 persons, among them a bit over 17,000 men from the Baltic countries, were sent to cleanup in the most affected territories of Ukraine. This study investigates whether and how working in the Chernobyl area had an effect on the clean-up workers’ health. The epidemiological study, based on the data of the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian cancer registries for 1986–2007, showed that cancer incidence among cleanup workers was equal to that of the male population in these countries. An excess of thyroid cancers in cleanup workers is due to thyroid screening among them. The health of cleanup workers has been studied more extensively in Estonia by using additional data from the causes of death registry and the database of the Health Insurance Fund. In 1986–2011, the mortality of cleanup workers did not differ from that in the male population. But the suicide risk of cleanup workers was 30% higher than that of the male population. Non-cancer morbidity analysis revealed almost equal all-disease risk of cleanup workers and male population in 2004–2012. The workers experienced 1.7 times higher risk of thyroid diseases. Probably, this excess risk is not explained by radiation, but it indicates that the cleanup workers were kept under closer medical supervision. Thus, a quarter of century after the Chernobyl accident, there is no evidence of increased morbidity or mortality of cleanup workers attributable to radiation doses received during cleanup activities.
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Keywords
meditsiiniuuringud, kiirguskahjustused, vähk (med.), haigestumus, suremus, psüühikahäired, mehed, Tšernobõl, kohortanalüüs, Eesti, medical research, radiation damages, cancer (medicine), morbidity, mortality, mental disorders, males, Chernobyl, cohort analysis, Estonia