Sirvi Märksõna "autokraatia" järgi

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A strongman at home is a strongman abroad? Investigating operational codes of Aliaksandr Lukašenka and Donald Trump
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Azarkevich, Yahor; Kołodziej, Jacek, juhendaja; McNamara, Eoin Micheál, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
With the decline of democracy in the world and accompanying rise of political strongmen, the demand for studies which would uncover peculiarities of the illiberal ruling has increased. While more researches indeed started to investigate different types of regimes and autocratic leaders, the level of their sophistication yet remains low. This thesis aims to contribute— within the extent of available resources—to the emerging literature on strongman rule and considers the belief systems of two well-known strongmen: Aliaksandr Lukašenka and Donald Trump. This research adopts the operational code analysis and hence focuses on the leaders’ foreign policy decisions. It argues that while the incumbent presidents of Belarus and the United States might indeed be strongmen at home, they are not ones abroad. This study discovers that the considered leaders possess low strongmen tendencies when dealing with their major international counterparts—Russia and China, hypothetically for the same reason. Lukašenka aims to sustain friendly and cooperative relations with these two due to the dependence of his regime on the external financial assistance, while Trump is also interested in maintaining favourable economic ties between world’s major economies. Overall, however, Lukašenka is more consistent in his beliefs across time, counterparts and speech genres, supposedly as the authoritarian system he operates in allows to disregard any domestic constrains to his foreign policy. Trump, on the other hand, manifests higher beliefs fluctuation as probably aims to satisfy internal political demands without abandoning his genuine opinion. There is hope that the findings of this study will help developing strategies for the struggle against illiberalism which rapidly consolidates across the globe.
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Aid as an authoritarian gift: the associations between the Chinese aid and democracy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Zhang, Yang; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
As China’s global economic footprint deepens, growing attention is paid to how its aid and loan programs affect regime trajectories in recipient states. While existing scholarship often speculates that Chinese engagement supports authoritarian durability or undermines democratic institutions, it frequently relies on aggregated aid flows and overlooks variation across regime types and aid modalities. This study addresses that gap by analyzing data from globally harmonized sources, AidData, the China Africa Research Initiative, and Polity V, to assess the relationship between Chinese economic engagement and changes in democratic quality. The findings reveal that, in the African context, higher levels of Chinese aid are consistently associated with increased probabilities of regime autocratization despite volatility detected in the permutation. However, in the global sample, this association is less uniform; interaction models show that hybrid regimes face the greatest risk of autocratization, with even modest increases in aid predicting higher autocratization probabilities. Sectoral disaggregation further refines this pattern: aid directed toward the extractive industries, particularly mining, correlates strongly with autocratization trajectories, whereas aid in transportation sectors is linked to weak democratic improvement, presenting modeling volatility. In addition, the presence of Chinese contract labor exhibits a negative association with autocratization, suggesting a potential, albeit limited, association with democratic resilience. Jointly, these results emphasize that the political effects of Chinese aid are not uniform but instead vary systematically by sector and initial regime type, challenging approaches that treat Chinese aid as politically monolithic.
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Herzen võitluses pärisorjuse ja isevalitsuse vastu
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1951) Varkel, S.; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Integrating domestic politics and foreign policy making: the role of legitimacy in the process of autocratic regime consolidation
(Tartu Ülikool, 2016) Jardine, Bradley James; Berg, Eiki, juhendaja; Anceschi, Luca, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Turkmenistan remains the least studied country of the former Soviet Union despite its highly strategic - and often volatile - Afghan and Iranian borders. Its obscurity is even more remarkable considering both its vast hydrocarbon reserves - thought to be the world’s fourth largest - and promising transit potential. This thesis claims that Turkmenistan’s regime transition in February 2007 is a strong case-study for understanding the role “legitimacy” plays in the process of regime consolidation. The research explores the evolution of Berdimuhamedow’s administration as a multi-level process, with carefully calibrated domestic reforms providing a vital source of domestic and international legitimacy. The primary vehicles for achieving these aims were the “Doctrine of Positive Neutrality,” and the “Great Renaissance” which act as vague rhetorical vessels for the advancement of state propaganda. The focus of the study is thus symbolic, rather than performative legitimacy. The study’s core arguments are (1) that the international spread of liberal democratic values creates opportunities for autocratic regimes to display low-cost legitimating commitments to these norms; and (2) that regimes unconstrained by domestic opposition are prone to a more extreme decoupling of rhetorical commitments from implementation. The claims put forward in this paper counteract the traditional democratization thesis by contending that in Central Asia, autocratic regimes borrow the form – but not the substance – of liberal democratic states, granting them substantial durability. The study provides extensive qualitative analysis of Turkmen propaganda and official policy statements to provide supporting evidence for these claims. Key Words: Legitimacy; Neutrality; Consolidation; Regime transition; Political reform; Democratization; Turkmenistan; Central Asia; Nation-building.
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Ivan IV tegude õigustamine opritšninat (1564-1572) käsitlevas historiograafias
(Tartu Ülikool, 2016) Aganitš, Arvi; Laur, Mati, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Filosoofiateaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Resisting democracy promotion in autocracies: the case of foreign agent law in Russia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Venikova, Daria; Morozov, Viatcheslav, juhendaja; Libman, Alexander, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are important actors on the international arena and their role in global governance cannot be downplayed. This thesis investigates the concept of democracy promotion and how authoritarian regimes might resist it, specifically by applying pressure to NGOs funded from abroad. I use a case study of a law on foreign agents in Russia in order to understand which tools can an authoritarian regime apply to foreign-funded NGOs and how effective it can be in this goal. To investigate that, I use in-depth interviews with employees of the organizations declared foreign agents in Russia to analyze their experiences and make conclusions about the role of foreign funding in their respective organizations, and the impact of the law on them. I conclude, that foreign funding plays a crucial role in support of the functioning of civil society in Russia, and even in the context of repressions, people find a way to work their way around them. At the same time, the law on foreign agents has become a major restriction for the functioning of civil society in general and for the foreign-funded NGOs in particular, which in turn became a major obstacle for democracy promotion.
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Securitization as a means to legitimize autocratization: the case of Bukele’s El Salvador
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Bussière, Samuel L. P.; Linsenmaier, Thomas, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
It is rare, even unprecedented, that a democratically elected leader would refer to themselves as the World’s Coolest Dictator as a selling point. It is even rarer that an electorate will wholeheartedly embrace a leader for his authoritarian appeal. Yet that is exactly what happened in El Salvador since Nayib Bukele took the presidency in 2019. The Bukele administration has simultaneously enjoyed widespread domestic support and widespread international condemnation for human rights abuses and for bringing the country down an authoritarian path. This thesis seeks to explain this paradox; more specifically, what explains the widespread support for the Bukele administration and its authoritarian measures. Using critical securitization theory, which is understood as a means of obtaining legitimacy, this thesis delves into how the government of El Salvador in the Bukele era generated public support for its measures that contributed to the autocratization of the country. Notably, it analyzes El Salvador’s war on gangs and the following war against corruption, starting from its State of Exception in March 2022 to the date of submission in May 2025. As a single-case study using critical discourse analysis as its method of analysis, this thesis looks into how discourse was used to shape public opinion and generate legitimacy amongst the public. The findings provide insight into how autocratization can obtain legitimacy from the public when discursively argued as being in response to an existential security threat. In addition, this thesis’s focus on digital utterances of discourse sheds a new light on how social media can be used to shape domestic opinion and perceptions.
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О государственном управлении : что такое самодержавие, конституция, республика, что такое Учредительное собрание
(Петроград, 1917) Гуревич, Я. Я.