Navigating heritage in transition : educating for the preservation of transforming female shamanism in Gilgit-Baltistan amidst Islamisation and modernity

Abstract

This research explores the transformation and resilience of one of the intangible cultural heritages of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: female shamanism. Drawing on interviews with shamans from the Hunza and Nagar valleys, this study examines how Islamisation, modernity and patriarchal structures have reshaped ritual authority in the contemporary context. Using thematic analysis and a multi-theoretical lens, it shows how female shamans strategically adapt their practices to survive. While often marginalised, female bitayu continue to demonstrate resilience and agency, reframing rituals and resisting erasure. The study calls for gender-inclusive, culturally grounded approaches to safeguarding indigenous spiritual traditions.