Euroopa Liidu – Venemaa uuringute õppekava magistritööd – Master´s theses

Selle kollektsiooni püsiv URIhttps://hdl.handle.net/10062/52079

Sirvi

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Assessing Russian impact on the Western Balkan countries' EU accession: cases of Croatia and Serbia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Zorić, Bojana; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The matter of EU enlargement to the Western Balkans has become overshadowed by pressing issues such as Brexit, the rise of the radical right and international terrorism. Notwithstanding the pressure to address these issues accordingly, increasing tensions and ethnic outbursts across the Western Balkans are reason enough for the European Union to devote significant attention to accession talks. This thesis addresses the Western Balkan countries’ Europeanization process with consideration of Russia as an external actor. The inclinations of Western Balkan countries toward the EU incite Moscow to increase its presence in the region with the aim of diverting countries from the path to European integration. Drawing on the theory of liberal intergovernmentalism and a rational approach to European integration, the research argues that the rational and pragmatic impetus behind the Europeanization dynamic brings to the forefront long-term economic, security and geopolitical benefits for the Western Balkan countries. By assessing the candidate countries’ progress amid EU negotiations, the thesis suggests that the countries’ bilateral ties with Russia have an impact on the Europeanization process. This tendency is particularly visible in Chapter 31 Foreign, security, and defence policy of the acquis communautaire. The broader geopolitical framework comprises the multifaceted relationship between the EU and Russia that is crucial for understanding the dynamics of EU-Western Balkans-Russia triangle.
Assessing the Europeanisation of fight against corruption in the candidate countries and Eastern neighbours
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Mamedov, Gadir; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Fight against corruption is an essential element of good governance that has become an inalienable part of EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy. Progress in the fight against corruption depends on many mechanisms and factors, such as effective conditionality, domestic conditions, and empowerment of civil society organisations. This thesis investigates the relationship between these factors and the progress in the fight against corruption in Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries bounded by post-communist legacy. Progress in fight against corruption is measured through two alternative indices: EU-assessed index based on the annual reports and World Bank’s Control of Corruption index. Mixed methods were employed for testing hypotheses and causal mechanisms. Beta regression, modified by adding fixed effects and lagged dependent variable, was used to analyse effects and strength of predictors on panel data containing 148 observations. Validation of the results of statistical model and understanding of interconnection and development of various mechanisms was conducted with help of process tracing method. The results of statistical models found relationship between policy-specific conditionality and progress in the fight against corruption. However, policy-specific conditionality loses its effect once the reward is achieved by a partner country. Another interesting finding is that civil society organisations are positively associated with the higher level of progress in the EU-assessed reports, while it has a non-significant and opposite direction in the models with Control of Corruption index. Finally, process tracing revealed strong interconnection between the preferential fit of the government and empowerment of civil society. Civil Society is necessary for ensuring local ownership of the reforms and achieving the progress, but it can be involved in policy making process only if the government allows so. Presence of policy-specific conditionality and communication of CSO with the EU do not change situation towards higher progress, unless former conditions emerge. Results and conclusions of this study suggest how the EU conditionality logic could be adjusted to better promote democracy and good governance in the EU neighbourhood without reproducing adverse effects of state capture and status-quo legitimisation for which the EU Neighbourhood Policy is criticized.
Casting votes digitally: examining the Latvian national position on Internet voting
(Tartu Ülikool, 2016) Beitane, Anna; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The economic and geopolitical weight in the balance of international relations: the case of German-Russian relations
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Ceconi, Elisa; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Germany’s relationship with Russia has long been regarded as ‘special’ and ‘strategic’, and the evolution of Ostpolitik throughout the years has never lost sight of the original purpose: to increase ties between East and West. The annexation of Crimea marked a turning point in their relations, accounting for a major change in Germany’s Russia policy and opened the debate among scholars about continuity and change in German foreign policy. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of foreign policy change and continuity and based on the liberal and constructivist approaches, the study focuses on economic and geopolitical factors as main forces driving government’s decisions in interstate relations, and it seeks to evaluate their balance in determining Germany’s approaches towards Russia. With the purpose of assessing the nature of Germany’s Russia policy, this dissertation adopts the method of process tracing to investigate the causal mechanism behind Berlin’s responses in three different cases: the signing of Nord Stream deal, the Georgian conflict and the Ukraine crisis. Through the analysis of three focal events, the collection of economic data and the examination of Federal Government’s official statements, the following research argues that the geopolitical factor alone cannot account for the observed change; while the economic dimension plays a major role in determining Germany’s foreign policy outcomes vis-à-vis Russia.
EU’s regional integration strategies and its implication for civil society participation in Eastern partnership countries: comparing Georgia and Armenia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Tlashadze, Mariam; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Institutional framework within the EaP introduced a tailor-made policy approach towards six Eastern Partnership countries. Meanwhile, another regional integration project, the Eurasian Economic Union, was created by Russia which challenged the EU’s position in the region. This thesis tries to identify how different paths of regional integration affect the direction and the intensity of the process of Europeanization of civil society in Georgia and Armenia. The theoretical expectations are drawn from Neighborhood Europeanization through spreading ‘external governance’ by Lavenex and Schimmelfennig. According to them, the modes and effects of ‘external governance’ increases with three different factors: international legitimacy, the EU’s power, also alternative poles of governance and the domestic structure of the third countries. As civil society is the least studied field under the EaP, the thesis applied a semi-structured in-depth interview method to gather more data from experts in the field. Official agreements and documents produced by the EU, as well as in-depth interviews, are analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Overall, the study finds that Georgia’s regional strategy choice resulted in higher intensity and degree of the Europeanization of civil society in comparison with Armenia. However, it also identified that the selective will of domestic authorities largely influences civil society’s participation in the reform process and in monitoring implementation. In addition to this, the thesis demonstrates that the conditionality offered from the EU is effective until it meets the certain expectations of the partnership countries. The study confirms the expectations of the theory.
Europeanisation of foreign policy in the Western Balkans: explaining the change in North Macedonia’s alignment with the EU sanctions against Russia (2014-2022)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Bobrovnikova, Ekaterina; Linsenmaier, Thomas, juhendaja; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis investigates the puzzling change in North Macedonia’s alignment with the EU’s restrictive measures against Russia between 2014 and 2022, which diverged from the stable positions of other countries in the Western Balkan region. Drawing on the Europeanisation literature, the thesis tests three alternative causal mechanisms to explain North Macedonia’s change in alignment: external incentives model, role-playing, and thick socialisation. By applying the process-tracing method, the thesis reaches a conclusion that role-playing was the most likely mechanism behind North Macedonia’s change in alignment. North Macedonia demonstrated partial ambiguity of alignment process, meaning that no tangible reward was provided by the EU in exchange for sanctions alignment and also no full match in norms and identities was present to support such action. Moreover, the automatic nature of CFSP alignment was found due to previous high rates of alignment, together with political actors’ references to North Macedonia’s social role as a candidate country in justifying alignment with EU sanctions against Russia. In light of the empirical evidence, this thesis concludes that the role-playing mechanism is the most likely explanation. The findings demonstrate that in the context of foreign policy Europeanisation, role-playing, in a characteristic instrumental form, can drive alignment of candidate countries.
Framing refugee news in the electorate cycle: the case of Italy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Stangarone, Silvia; Nedozhogina, Olena, juhendaja; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The current European refugee crisis affects many EU countries, including Italy, which due to its strategical location in the Mediterranean area, has become one of the main destinations for the migratory flows coming from Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East. As for other European countries, the wave of discontent caused by the complexity of the refuge allocation system, the overall European far-right rising, and the national financial crisis, has brought to a governmental shifting towards extreme-right and populism in Italy. As confirmed by the outcome of the last general election held on the 4th of March 2018, Italy has turned out an anti-establishment government led by Northern League and the Five Star Movement. In this scenario, considering the overall call for answers and resolution raised from the public opinion, the Italian press often contributes to frame refugees with negative frames, especially during the election. Therefore, this study investigates refugee framing under the electoral cycle in Italy, applying some of the most discussed theories on news framing and agenda-setting theories and analyzing the main frames related to refugees in the Italian newspapers. Following the assumption before the election Italian news framed refugees with more salience and negativity, the main goal of this study is to explain in which ways the elections affect the framing of refugee in the Italian news. In order to resolve this research puzzle, this study gathers refugee news in two different time spans, before and after the election day, from four major Italian newspapers: La Repubblica, Il Corriere della Sera, Il Messaggero, Il Resto del Carlino. These four newspapers are inspected based on their diverse political alignment (liberalism and centrism-conservativism) and their news articles are evaluated through a framing analysis, underling trends and similarities and finally, driving wider conclusions on the Italian press. As main findings of this study, before the election the Italian press publishes more news about refugees and they overall represent negative topics linked to them. Moreover, there is a distinction in terms of refugee framing in news between liberal and centralist-conservative leaning outlets: the liberal-leaning outlets frame integration and solidarity, whereas centralist-conservative leaning outlets release violence and racism as their main frames.
Geopolitical policy dilemma for Eastern Partnership countries: democracy and security
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Hajiyev, Elvin; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The Eastern Partnership (EaP) was established in 2009 to formalize the EU's interactions with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova. The EU's goal was to strengthen cooperation, play a role to these states' economic, political, and social development, and enhance stability in the region. However, the Kremlin was concerned regarding EU initiatives to establish its own influence in the region in the CIS space: to deprive Russia of the status of the prioritized partner of some of the six aforementioned countries through the EaP and to create an alternative to Russia's integrationist strategies in the CIS. The research study seeks to highlight geopolitical policy dilemma for Eastern Partnership Countries and underline policy tools employed by the regional actors over 6 program countries by attempting to identify an answer to the question that why the promotion of democracy which is an important element of EU’s value-driven foreign policy triggers conflict of interest with Russia which leads to the security challenges for these 6 countries. Furthermore, it identifies the main motivations for the EU-Russia involvement in the region and clarifies different approaches to policymaking. The qualitative research method of data analysis, particularly document analysis is used in this research study to clarify where Russia's and the EU's objectives intersect. On the other hand, the research by analyzing the EaP countries individually examines the domestic implications from the perspectives of democratization and security challenges in which the regional actors directly or indirectly are playing important roles. The thesis is based on neoliberal theory reflecting on the research question. Particularly offensive and defensive realism explains the appropriate reaction to the security dilemma of the EaP countries. Furthermore, one of the key emphasis is placed on the issue of the security dilemma, how it demonstrates on the challenges in the EaP countries, and how it characterizes the geopolitical situation for the EaP. As a result, the research argues on the geopolitical policy dilemma of the EaP countries inferred from the conflict of interest between Russia and the EU.
How exogenous factors redirect voter preferences: the case of Italy and Lega Nord
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Orti Manara, Ginevra; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The current rise of far right populist parties in Europe has touched the Italian political scene during the 2018 national elections, when Lega Nord (Northern League) reached 17.35 percent of support from all over the country. This thesis will strive to understand how it was possible that a former regional party like Lega was able to exponentially increase its electoral support, especially in the traditionally antagonistic Center and South of Italy. In fact, the evolution of Lega through its foundation under Umberto Bossi’s leadership until the leadership of the current Minister of Interior Matteo Salvini shows patterns that are worth researching. To establish a link between the change of discourse and the redirection of preferences of Italian voters, especially the ones from the Central and Southern regions, critical discourse analysis was applied to speeches given by Bossi and Salvini in the time span between 2007-2018. In addition, electoral data was used as supporting evidence to trace Lega voting patterns of Italians, focusing on the specific regions, between 2008 and 2018. The main findings of this work show that there is a plausible link between the presupposed change of the “self-other” representation and the increase of Lega electoral share in the Central and Southern regions. Relying on the Lega Nord scholarship and the data collected from Bossi’s speeches, it was possible to determine that the original identity of supporters of the party was built through their differentiation and opposition towards the Center and the South of Italy, often with uncouth ranting directed to the Southerners. This process allowed the creation of a “self-other,” that is a Northerners against Southerners dichotomy. Nevertheless, this articulation was drastically changed by Salvini. The politician was able to switch the “other” representation to an exogenous “enemy,” that is the migrant. Moreover, this change of discourse started almost at the same time of the beginning of the 2013 migrant crisis. The change of discourse by Salvini was reflected in the voting patterns of Southern Italians, that were able to put behind the past insults by Lega and redirect their votes in a united front against the most modern perceived “other.”
Hybrid hegemony: rethinking Gramsci in the contemporary Italian context
(Tartu Ülikool, 2018) Terry, George Spencer; Makarychev, Andrey, juhendaja; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Ideology vs. interests: are the radical right-wing populists the voice of the people? Case of Austria and Hungary
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Abashidze, Ana; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The main objective of this thesis is to find out whether selected populist radical right-wing parties (PRRPs) truly represent the electorate, their demands and voices, or is it their merely political-strategic rhetoric that encourages positions in which politics is driven by fear. And which accounts for the political processes of framing domains of anti-immigration. The research is seeking to examine, whether the populist radical right-wing parties in Austria (FPÖ) and Hungary (Fidesz) are in practice representing the people, or is it just an illusion created by them, that they address all real-life matters, salient for the society while endeavouring to gain political success. This research will examine politics of fear as the strategic rhetoric tool for selected PRRPs and it will detect what are the issues PRRPs address in their pre-electoral speeches and how the rhetoric has changed through the recent years. On the other hand, the research will measure the social grievances by observing the electorates’ opinions and issues they have been concerned about. The latter and its transformation will be compared to the speeches of PRR politicians and the main topics they are focusing on. This will help to demonstrate the match/mismatch, between the selected PRRPs’ rhetoric, showing what they consider to be most important for the society, and the real-life grievances society actually has.
Impediments to the development of European Union's common security and defence policy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Nozadze, David; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The global geopolitical rift has presented challenges as Russia's revisionism policy, a spread of Islamic extremism and terrorism, instability in Eastern and Southern neighbourhood causing migration crisis, the rise of ultranationalist populism igniting Euro-scepticism. The situation requires a coherent and comprehensive approach from the European Union, however, we observe the lack of motivation and sufficient instruments to react. The European security initiatives finally resulted into Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), however, Europeans inability to deliver an effective response to existing challenges is encapsulated into impediments derived from differences of views and goals of leading EU members. Therefore this work is designed to explore European security and defence initiative focusing on problem why CSDP failed to expand and develop deeper, and respond to the research question what are such a wide differences of views on CSDP of leading European countries such as the UK, France and Germany? Our tasks in the dissertation are at first to identify major strategic divergences of leading EU member states such as the UK, France, and Germany and secondly to identify and describe key factors that have contributed to those strategic divergences. To respond stated research tasks within dissertation has been used case study method exploring three EU state to see differences in their motivations and goals and trace the process in order to identify key ruptures which facilitated impediments to European security initiative. During research, we identified stumbling blocks which have been generalised into conclusion. It emphasises major problem of post-World War II European order inherited in modernity where the USA holds hegemonic power and plays the decisive role in foreign and security affairs of Europe preventing the emergence of European power core. The nature of EU and its internal settings are also causing for the imperfection of system which cannot overcome obstruction and develop the common defence. In addition, some states perceive European integration in foreign and security area as a threat to own sovereignty inducing them to act it in opposition.
Incorporation of article 5, 12 and 13 of UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities into notariate law of the Republic of Latvia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2016) Ilves, Anete; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Kučs, Artūrs, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
United Nations (hereafter – UN) adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities (hereafter – CRPD) on 13 December 2006, and this is the first international human rights treaty which EU joined as a party (in 2010), according to Article 37 of Treaty on European Union. CRPD gives the rights and voice to persons with disabilities in all areas of life, therefore setting the obligation for CRPD States to provide possibility for persons with disabilities to use their rights. As CRPD is relatively new treaty, there are not enough scholarly articles, especially on the Notariate law of Republic of Latvia in the relationship with the CRPD. The lack of consistent research results in lack of consistent rights of persons with disabilities. Therefore more researches are needed. The research aim is to investigate whether the Articles 86 (rights to be witnesses) and 94 (rights to be a party) of Latvian law fulfill the rights of persons with disabilities set in Articles 5, 12 and 13 of CRPD. There are four research methods used in the research: grammatical method; systematical method; historical method; theological method. In order to inquire how the practical implementation is made, the interviews with representatives of Baltic notary systems were made. Additionally comparative approach was used to compare Notariate laws of all three Baltic States. During the analyses of Notariate law of the Republic of Latvia it was concluded that the current version of Notariate law does not reflect equality principle of CRPD as unequal attitude is stipulated between persons with mental/ sensor disabilities and persons without disabilities and persons with other type disabilities regarding the rights to be witnesses and rights to be parties. Additionally the terminology used in Notariate law regarding persons with sensor/ mental disability is insulting and thus does not reflect CRPD terminology. The rights of persons with mental disabilities are limited the most, also in other procedural laws – Civil procedure law and Administrative procedure law of the Republic of Latvia – when active legal capacity can be deprived regarding the rights to be witnesses in proceedings. Therefore it is possible to agree with UN that Article 12 of CRPD is the most challenging. Thus it is necessary to make amendments in Notariate law of the Republic of Latvia to reflect better CRPD principles, especially equality principle which is one of the cornerstones of the European Union.
Media representations of European Union’s international ‘actorness’ by EU ‘Outsiders’: case study of RT (English), BBC World, CNN International, and Al Jazeera
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Erbsen, Heidi; Seppel, Külliki, juhendaja; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Polarization of public opinion regarding the EU in conditions of polarized national elite
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Shentseva, Taisiia; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Dekalchuk, Anna, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Theoretically, elite polarization should lead to public polarization but it does not always happen. This Master’s thesis examines what factors lead to mass polarization when parties are polarized. 12 cases with high elite polarization and varying mass polarization in the EU member states were selected from the sample of 56 cases based on the national elections taking place since 2008 and until 2017. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis it was found that public opinion becomes polarized in the conditions of elite polarization if there is a crisis at the EU level, Eurosceptics reached 10% of electoral support and either Eurosceptic parties are present on both left and right sides of ideological scale and salience of European integration in the party’s public stance is high, or media salience of the EU is high and people often discuss the EU political matters. The second part of the analysis was process tracing and it unfolded the mass polarization process in Greece from 2009 until 2015. It showed that a greater number of ideologically diverse parties that could effectively use the opportunity structure fostered mass polarization, while the EU crises, in turn, strengthened the opportunity structure.
Policy dynamics and gender dimension in the EU platform economy: an analysis of the Platform Work Directive
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Nedosekova, Mariia; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Turk, Pirjo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This study explores the integration of gender considerations into the EU Platform Work Directive, focusing on the polar approaches of the EU member states, Estonia and Spain. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), it analyses how the beliefs of different advocacy coalitions influence policy outcomes related to platform work and gender specifically. The research involves thematic analysis of public documents, stakeholder interviews, and legislative materials. The study identifies key stakeholders including government bodies, platform companies, and labour organizations, and reveals significant dividing lines between their beliefs, particularly concerning the balance between market flexibility and platform workers’ protections. Findings indicate that both Estonia's liberal, technology-focused policies and Spain's more structured and protective regulatory frameworks similarly overlook gender dimension. Despite their distinct economic and political contexts, the coalitions in neither country effectively integrate gender considerations into their platform work regulations advocacy. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive gender-sensitive measures in the rapidly evolving platform economy sector.
Representations of the refugee crisis in the Russian media
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Tikhonova, Ekaterina; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The current refugee crisis in the European Union already represents the largest movement of people that Europe has seen since the end of the Second World War. It is impossible to ignore the role of journalism in influencing public opinion and the elite’s political attitude towards asylees and immigrants. Media can set agendas, frame debates, facilitate decision-making process, and provide real-time information on ethnic relations. The Russian media also takes part in shaping public opinion and raising public awareness towards the refugee crisis in Europe. The objective of this study is to establish what is being written about the refugee crisis in Russian print media – what are the discourse narratives, including frames, of refugees and the refugee crisis in the Russian media. The central research question is - How do Russian quality newspapers portray refugee crisis in Europe? Answering the main research question, the method of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of media text will be applied. Theoretical and methodological frames of this research are predominantly based on Teun A. van Dijk’s earlier works on discourse. The analysis is based on the assumption that the closer a newspaper’s affiliation appears to governmental structures, the more the narrative reflects the ownership structures; while when the media appears further from the governmental structures the explanatory power of ownership declines, and the relative power of editorial position and specialization increases. For the purpose of this research four Russian major daily nation-wide quality broadsheet newspapers – Kommersant, Vedomosti, Novaya Gazeta, and Rossiyskaya Gazeta – are selected. Newspapers are analysed based on the content of their websites on the topics regarding refugee crisis in Europe, during January 2016 — December 2016, which comprises of 148 articles in total. Within the discourses of four analysed newspapers, there are seven most common frames of refugees that are highlighted during the analysis: Refugees as a source of crimes and terrorism, Refugees as a threat for the social stability and political security, Refugees are not welcomed in Russia, Refugees as victims, Refugees are not welcomed in Europe, Helping refugees, Struggling refugees, Refugees as illegal immigrants, Refugees as abusers of the international law. Despite multiple similarities, each of the analysed newspapers dealt with the refugee crisis issues differently which reflects in the frequency of publications, utilization of the information sources, and emphasis on different ideas within the narratives. In light of the outcomes of this thesis, further research can focus on exam of similarities and differences in refugee discourses of different types of Russian media; what kind of visual and linguistic technics and approaches have been utilized in order to create certain framing patterns. Further research may also be directed at the exploration of impact of the media discourse of refugee crisis on the audience.
Very nice! How Kazakhstan uses nation branding for external legitimization
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Glas, Othmara; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut

Sirvi

Sirvi Euroopa Liidu – Venemaa uuringute õppekava magistritööd – Master´s theses Autor "Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja" järgi