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As above, so below: communicating foundational myths through monuments. A comparative study of Piłsudski Square (Warsaw) and Independence Square (Kyiv)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Ukhov, Sergei; Kowalski, Krzysztof, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Between 2014 and 2015, Ukraine and Poland experienced drastic political reconfigurations, when the former saw the Revolution of Dignity conducted by grassroots groups, and the latter saw the electoral triumph of the conservative party Law and Justice. The two new powers, contrasting in their nature and goals, almost immediately began to perpetuate political myths that legitimised their rule through various tools of politics of memory, which was etched into the urban cultural landscape of Kyiv and Warsaw, not exclusively, by means of the erection of new monuments. This study explores the discourses communicated by monuments originating on the opposing sides of power relations in order to disclose to what extent the messages that the monuments convey are similar. To do so, the research applies the Social Semiotics approach from Critical Discourse Analysis to the analysis of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes commemoration site located in Independence Square in Kyiv, and the monuments dedicated to Lech Kaczyński and the victims of the Smolensk Air Crash of 10 April 2010 located in Piłsudski Square in Warsaw. The results have shown a high degree of resemblance in the discourses communicated by monuments through various semiotic modes, the main one being the sacredness of what constitutes the power holders’ foundational myth. Other discourses, including grievance and martyrdom, despite the fact that they both belong to the religious domain, demonstrate diverging traits. However, put together these discourses perfectly blend into the common canvas of new post-Communist mythologies regardless of the status of the political agents who are in charge of the creation of those foundational myths.
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Collective memory and memorialization in depictions of Soviet female combatants in Soviet and post-Soviet contexts
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Bawgus, Jessica; Sofronova, Julia, juhendaja; Kay, Rebecca, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
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Cultural diplomacy & the reproduction of identity and memory: the centenaries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Bélanger, Jessie; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
In 2017 and 2018, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania celebrated the hundredth anniversary of their independence. Considering these countries have limited international visibility due to their limited resources, population density and territory size, such milestones represent an extraordinary opportunity to resolve the situation. The practice of cultural diplomacy within the realm of diplomacy continues to be underestimated. Since most of its understanding is still stained by the Cold War period and its research focus too USA-centric, the practice of cultural diplomacy continues to be misleading. Therefore, the thesis seeks to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diplomacy by applying its methods on concrete examples that have had considerable domestic and international reach. It also seeks to demonstrate its usefulness in situations where conflicts or tense relations are absent. Consequently, the cases of the centenaries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Finland have been chosen to highlight the potential of cultural diplomacy for small countries, who have yet to grow on the international stage. As a result, the research has found that the practice of cultural diplomacy was noticeable in the planning, organization, and celebration of the Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, and Lithuanian centenaries, and that its impacts, along with identity and collective memory, on small countries were consequential.
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Eesti mälupoliitika 21. sajandil vabadussõjalaste rehabiliteerimiskatse näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Sepp, Oliver; Veski, Liisi, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Selle bakalureusetöö eesmärk on uurida vabadussõjalaste rehabiliteerimise eelnõu põhjuseid ning selles osalenud mälutoimijaid. Täpsemalt tuvastakse töös eelnõuga seotud mälutoimijad ja uuritakse nende rehabiliteerimise vajalikkuse põhjendusi. Teisalt analüüsib töö, milliste tegurite mõjul muutus vabadussõjalaste rehabiliteerimine aktuaalseks. Uurimisküsimustele vastamiseks ja sisu analüüsimiseks kasutatakse Riigikogu põhiseaduskomisjoni protokolli, õiguskomisjoni avaliku istungi transkriptsiooni ja kahe täiskogu stenogrammi. Valimit täiendavad erinevate veebiväljaannete arvamusartiklid. Materjalide analüüsimiseks kasutatakse kontentanalüüsi meetodit. Töö käigus leiti, et vabadussõjalaste rehabiliteerimine võis muutuda aktuaalseks mitmete tegurite mõjul. Rehabiliteerimise pooldajatest mälutoimijad tõid ise välja mitmeid põhjuseid.Esiteks Konstantin Pätsile pühendatud mälestusmärgi planeerimine, teiseks Eesti Vabariigi 100. aastapäev. Töös seostati ka rehabiliteerimise teema esile kerkimist Eesti Konservatiivse Rahvaerakonna (EKRE) pääsemisega Riigikokku. Analüüsi tulemusena tuvastati, et peamisteks mälutoimijateks antud juhtumis oli Eesti Konservatiivse Rahvaerakonna fraktsiooni liikmed, kes osalesid hinnanguliselt kõige aktiivsemalt Riigikogus toimunud aruteludes. Teisteks pooldajate gruppideks saab liigitada Reformierakonna ja Keskerakonna fraktsiooni liikmeid. Põhiliseks rehabiliteerimist põhjendavaks argumendiks oli, et 1938. aastal vabadussõjalastele määratud amnestia ei olnud piisav ja Riigikogu oma kunagise riigipöörde passivse tegevuse tõttu peab vabadussõjalaste rehabiliteerimise eelnõu vastu võtma. Samuti leiti analüüsi käigus, et Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond on korduvalt oma artiklites seostanud erakonda ja vabadussõjalasi, luues mineviku ja tänapäeva isikute, organisatsioonide ning sündmuste vahel seoseid.
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Elite mythmaking on the run: the case of World War Two narrative in modern Ukraine
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Nekoliak, Andrii; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The thesis inquires into governmental memory politics in Ukraine in the aftermath of Euromaidan protests focusing on the representation of the Second World War. At the theoretical level, the thesis has scrutinized concepts pertaining to studies in memory politics: political memory, memory agents, elite-mythmaking, and narratives. It also conceptualized the European discourses on the Second World War in order to evaluate newly forged Ukrainian narrative on WW2 in their light. At the analysis level, the thesis both scrutinized official legislative and administrative measures pertaining to WW2 remembrance as well as applied narrative analysis to the case of newly introduced narrative about the Ukrainians in WW2 by developing a set of narrative analysis categories. As the thesis argues, elite-mythmaking selectively ‘Europeanizes’ Ukrainian representation of WW2 while the narrative follows the essential characteristics of the Eastern Central European (ECE) historical narrative about the Second World War.
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Ethnic cleavage in politics and mnemonic tensions: an analysis of World War II commemorative practices in Latvia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Braslava, Māra; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
In Latvia, history and remembrance of World War II is a source of contestation between the ethnic Latvian majority and the Russian speaking minority. However, despite this prevailing idea of two conflicting positions, several studies on public opinion, suggest that the memory of Latvians and non-Latvians is more nuanced and different positons on 20th century history exist also within both ethnolinguistic groups. This thesis looks at commemorative rituals of the so called Legionnaire day on March 16, and the commemoration of end of World War II on May 8 and May 9 that represent mnemonic cleavages between Latvians and the country’s Russian speaking minority. Using Bernhard and Kubik’s (2014) theoretical framework of mnemonic actors and memory regimes, this study seeks to answer how the diversity of mnemonic positions within both ethno-linguistic groups is reflected in the political discourse. Next to that, opportunities of mnemonic reconciliation exist are examined. The overall conclusion is that both March 16 and May 9 present a fractured memory regime in Latvia. The mnemonic cleavages are drawn along ethnic lines but within the ethnolinguistic groups different positions were found as well. While May 9 is becoming a point of more intense mnemonic contestation and it is gaining more prominence, March 16 is increasingly abnegated by major political actors.
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Memory politics in Poland under the Law and Justice Party (PiS): constructing narratives of heroism and victimhood using a case study of three Polish museums
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Zhu, Qiwen; Piekarska-Duraj, Łucja, juhendaja; McManus, Clare, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis examines how and why Poland’s current ruling party, the Law and Justice (PiS), implements its memory politics in the following three memorial museums: the Warsaw Uprising Museum, the Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II, and the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, based on theories of collective memory and populism. Core elements of PiS’s memory politics such as martyrdom romanticism, Christian loyalty, conservative values and patriotism, and PiS’s populist discourse emphasizing the moralistic dichotomy of the good we and bad others are reflected in these museums. There are two common narrative paradigms of these museums. First, Poles are innocent victims who suffered from Nazism and Soviet totalitarianism. Second, Poles are heroes fighting for the freedom of Poland and Europe. By constructing narratives of victimhood and heroism, PiS tries to not only rejuvenate patriotic pride and solidify the national identity based on Christian allegiance, martyrdom and heroism, but alleviate Poland’s inferiority complex resulting from always being marginalized in Europe and gain more autonomy from Brussels. These narratives are one - dimensional and don’t invite critical reflections, which poses a question about the justification of political power’s instrumentalization of history.
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Mineviku aktualiseerimine Eesti kui siirdeühiskonna ajakirjanduses ajaleht Edasi > Postimees näitel aastatel 1989–1995
(Tartu Ülikool, 2016) Kivi, Susann; Harro-Loit, Halliki, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Ühiskonnateaduste instituut
Uurimistöö eesmärgiks oli uurida, milline oli kaugemat minevikku ja lähiminevikku käsitleva ajakirjanduse tasakaal Eestis kui siirdeühiskonnas ajaleht Edasi > Postimees näitel vahemikus aastatel 1989–1995. Samuti küsis töö, milline oli Edasi > Postimehe näitel ajakirjanduse roll kollektiivse mälu kujundajana. Eesti kui siirdeühiskonna ajakirjanduse ja avaliku sfääri muutustest on kirjutatud veelgi (Lauristin & Vihalemm 1997; Vihalemm 2002), ent seni pole autorile teadaolevalt pikemaid uurimusi oleviku ja mineviku tasakaalu uurimise ja kollektiivse mälu kujundamise aspektist tehtud. Uurimistöö empiirilise osa viisin läbi kahes etapis ning kasutasin selleks kombineeritud uurimismeetodeid. Ajakirjandustekstide analüüsiks kasutasin nii kvantitatiivset kontentanalüüsi kui tegin ka kriitilist diskursuseanalüüsi. Kokku analüüsisin 1539 ajakirjandusteksti. Töö teoreetiline alus tugineb mitmel ajaloo aktualiseerimist, mäluajaloo ning kollektiivse mälu kujunemist uurinud teoreetikul, kellest olulisemateks võib pidada Barbie Zelizeri ja Horst Pöttkeri käsitlusi minevikust ajakirjanduses. Eesti uurijatest toetavad tööd tugevalt Marek Tamme uurimused mäluajaloost ning Halliki-Harro Loiti ja Anu Pallase ajakirjanduses ajaloo aktualiseerimist uurinud tööd. Laiemas plaanis oli uurimistöö eesmärk täita seni veel katmata auk Eesti kui siirdeühiskonna ajakirjanduse uurimises ning kasutades varasemate uurijate (Lauristin ja Vihalemm 2004) käsitlusi analüüsimaks siirdeühiskonna ajakirjandust kollektiivse mälu kujundamise aspektist. Töö empiirilisest osast nähtub, et vaadeldava perioodi alguses, 1989. ja 1990. aastal käsitles ajakirjandus oleviku suurte sündmuste tõttu enam kaugemat minevikku ning perioodi teises osas alates 1991. aastast vähenes ajakirjanduse kaugesse minevikku vaatamine ning suurenes lähimineviku käsitlemine. Ehkki kõikidel vaadeldavatel aastatel domineeris lähiminevik kaugema mineviku üle, esines aastate lõikes olulisi kõikumisi: kaugesse minevikku vaatamine vähenes järsult juba siirdeaja alguses ning vahetult pärast taasiseseisvumist. Lähiminevikku esines kõige vähem perioodi alguses, 1989. aastal ning kõige enam 1995. aastal. Analüüsitud tekstidest nähtub, et ajakirjanduse roll kollektiivse mälu kujundajana oli vaadeldud vahemikus väga mitmenäoline. 1989. aasta suur arvamusartiklite hulk viitas ajakirjandusele kui kriitilisele foorumile, mis kaugema mineviku sündmuste aktualiseerimise kaudu rääkis ühiseid tähendusi läbi olukorras, kus mineviku ühtne arusaamine oli alles välja kujunemas. Ajakirjandus oli siis oluline meedium, mille kaudu loodi ühtseid tähendusi kollektiivse mälu tarbeks. Aastatel 1989– 1990 juhtis ajakirjandus auditooriumi paremini mõistma kultuurilist ja poliitilist lähiminevikku selgitamise ning kaugemast minevikust ideaalide otsimise kaudu. Järgnenud aastatel, kui lähimineviku osakaal suurenes ning kaugema mineviku osakaal vähenes, ajakirjandus küll selgitas minevikku ning aeg-ajalt otsis ka veel ideaale minevikust, vähenes ajakirjanduse roll avaliku osaleva tekstina, mistõttu kahanes tekstide roll ajaloo tõlgendaja ning konstrueerijana ning lähiminevikust rohkema kõnelemise kaudu jäi ajakirjandusele pigem sündmuste peegeldaja roll.
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Politics of history on the screen: unveiling the continuity of myths in Polish state-endorsed cinema
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Harmash, Anna; Piekarska-Duraj, Łucja, juhendaja; Gibson, Catherine, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This thesis examines cinematic portrayals of the Warsaw Uprising in historical fiction films endorsed by two ideologically divergent regimes: the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) and the Law and Justice Party (PiS). Both regimes advanced conflicting memory of Polish history, tailoring the discourses to align with their respective ideological agendas by focalizing or silencing some pages of history. However, through a comparative analysis of films endorsed by the regimes, this thesis argues that the PZPR and PiS followed the same template in constructing their memory narratives that framed Poland as a nation of exceptional heroism and martyrdom, and justified an uncritical approach to politics of history. This thesis analyzes cinematic narratives presented in films about the Warsaw Uprising—a traumatic historical event that was marked by “blank spots” in the official memory during the People’s Republic of Poland but became an widely commemorated and glorified event, emblematic of Polish collective identity under PiS-led politics of history. A cinematic discourse analysis of six state-endorsed productions (five feature films and one episode from a popular television series released between the 1950s-1970s and the 2010s) was conducted to identify, decode, and interpret memory narratives and depictions of heroism using elements of the dominant Polish myth. The interpretation of the cinematic renderings of the Uprising relied on concepts of collective identity, national myths and schematic narrative templates, and considered the ideological, social and political contexts in which the films were produced. The research demonstrates that, while introducing some critical reflections and “remembering” the Uprising differently, the state-enforsed films produced under both regimes build their narratives on the dominant myth of Poland being “Christ Among Nations”. Ultimately, this thesis seeks to understand why seemingly ideologically divergent political regimes deploy similar narrative strategies.
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Quietly postcolonial: the impact of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on curation strategies in Estonia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Ballance, Cosima; Gibson, Catherine, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
It is widely understood that moments of great geopolitical change have a profound impact on the manufacture and treatment of the past. Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine has not only revealed the politicisation and weaponisation of history and memory, but also prompted more intensive discussions among scholars and politicians about the application of postcolonial perspectives and methods in the states with an entangled history with Russia. Two years on from the onset of the full-scale conflict, this thesis seeks to examine whether postcolonial approaches have also had a wider impact on national narratives, as reflected in museum design and curation strategies. By utilising a single-case study of Estonian National Museum/Eesti Rahva Muuseum (ERM) and combining ethnographic observational analysis and five expert interviews with museum workers, this thesis analyses the state of Estonian national memory in the year 2024. Whereas most previous studies on memory and postcolonialism in the Baltic states have been confined to the twentieth century, this thesis broadens these empirics and utilises a longue durée approach to Estonia’s national master narrative in order to show the interconnectedness of the different layers of Estonia’s past, rather than treating its different elements in isolation. The findings revealed that, in contrast to the wake-up call that much of academia has experienced, ERM has rather been operating in a “quietly postcolonial” manner for some time, suggesting that this public-facing institution has been ahead of much of academia and political discourse.
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Remembering conflict: the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 in Georgian museums
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Hermens, Merijn; Reisner, Oliver, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The Russo-Georgian War of 2008 is an understudied topic within Memory Studies in Anglophone academic literature. However, considering the War's significant role in shaping Georgia's socio-political landscape and identity, the omission is puzzling. This thesis addresses this gap, by examining how the war is commemorated in museums. Through the theoretical lenses of Memory Formats and Critical Museology, three case studies were analysed: the Museum of Occupation in Kaspi, the 2008 War Museum in Ergneti (both privately-funded), and the Museum of Battle Glory in Gori (state-funded). Using Thematic Analysis for interviews with museum staff and the Winterthur Model for artefact analysis, this research aimed to answer the following research question: How is the Russo- Georgian War of 2008 remembered in Georgian museums and why? The findings suggest that the remembrance of the Russo-Georgian War revolves around three main themes: (1) Personalised Victimisation, driven by individual and social memories to pass on these experiences to future generations. (2) Historical Analogies, emphasising Georgia's ongoing struggle for sovereignty and reinforcing national identity through a collective national consciousness. (3) Russia as the Aggressor, highlighting the role of Russia as the villain, while silencing the roles of separatists and Georgia in the conflict to protect a positive self-image. Moreover, financial constraints and a lack of professional display policies also influence how the war is remembered, leading to somewhat fragmented and unnuanced exhibitions. Notably, Personalised Victimisation is present in all museums, whereas Historical Analogies and Russia as the Aggressor are absent in the state-funded museum. The divergence reflects broader societal-political contrasts in Georgia, particularly since the outbreak of the full-scale war in Ukraine. Georgian society supports Ukraine and condemns Russia, whereas the ruling Georgian Dream party has shifted from a policy of normalisation with Russia towards a more pro-Russian orientation. Grassroots initiatives to commemorate the war, contrasted with the Georgian Dream's minimal efforts in this area, shows a strong societal desire to remember the conflict. A desire which is not shared by the officials, indicating a lack of interest or willingness to engage in the politics of memory.
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Takeover of the memory field: changing commemorative practises regarding Stalinist repressions in Russia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Turusinova, Anastasiia; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Current paper primarily focuses on the analyses of Russian memory regime on the issue of Stalinist repressions. Over the recent years, Russian government established a monopoly of commemoration of the past events by oppressing existing independent memory agent in the field. Current empirically driven case study aims to define modern memory regime in Russia and main reasons behind the takeover happened. With the help of framing analysis, the comparison of narratives used by state and non-state memory agents is done in order to distinguish key differences in how same commemorative events are framed by different actors. According to the analysis, in authoritarian settings independent memory agent Memorial is considered as a threat, as it emphasizes the connection between Soviet repressions and the ongoing ones in modern Russia. New state-controlled actor Memory Fund was introduced to the field in order to promote legitimacy of the incumbent regime and establish the monopoly of commemoration.
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The commemorations of the 30th anniversary of the fall of communism in Poland – a fractured memory regime
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Nikko, Juho; Kowalski, Krzysztof, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The dissertation examines the 2019 commemorations of the 30th anniversary of the fall of state socialism in Poland, seeking answers to how and why different political actors commemorated the events in the way they did. The commemorations are studied through Michael Bernhard and Jan Kubik’s theory of the politics of memory (2014), according to which political actors adopt different mnemonic actor roles (abnegator, pluralist, warrior, prospective) that in turn determine the memory regime of a commemorative event (unified, pillarised, fractured). The data consists of 29 speeches and texts drawn from thirteen events clustered around the Roundtable Talks and the beginning of June. The speeches are analysed with qualitative content analysis primarily from video recordings. The dissertation updates Bernhard and Kubik’s analysis of the same topic from ten years ago. In 2019, the memory regime pertaining to the events of 1989 remained fractured, with the governing Law and Justice party (PiS) celebrating separately from the opposition. PiS initially attempted to abnegate the commemorations of the Roundtable Talks and the first semi-free elections of 4 June 1989 by not organising major state-endorsed celebrations. In the end, the opposition organised an 11- day celebration in Gdańsk together with local governments, whereas PiS opted for small-scale celebrations in the form of a special sitting of the Senate. Both sides featured mnemonic warriors who rallied around three major narratives. The opposition presented itself as the inheritor of the Solidarity movement and accused PiS of trying to negate this legacy. PiS presented itself as the inheritor of Pope John Paul II and focused on commemorating the 40th anniversary of his first pilgrimage to Poland, presenting this as the beginning of the Solidarity movement. Second, PiS emphasised the dissolution of the first democratically elected government of Jan Olszewski on 4 June 1992 and associated the opposition with the ‘post-communist’ system this allegedly created. Notable mnemonic pluralists included former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski and current president Andrzej Duda (PiS). A comparison with the commemorations of 2009 suggests that being in the opposition prompted the old governing party Civic Platform (PO) to adopt a mnemonic warrior position – a notable change from their earlier pluralist and abnegator stance. In addition, the opposition used the commemorations to kickstart their campaign to the autumn parliamentary elections. Both sides used memory layering – the combining of different memory regimes – as a central strategy. The divided commemorations give no reason to believe that the polarisation of Polish society is going to diminish. On the other hand, the political usefulness of mnemonic conflict about 1989 seems to be receding, with the ideological battle between a liberal and conservative vision of Poland being fought on other fronts.
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The effects of Belt and Road Initiative on historical narratives of ancient Silk Road: a study of China's academic articles
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Guo, Jing; Hõbepappel, Urmas, juhendaja; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Majandusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond
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The influence of a minister: Turanism in the Hungarian government
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Watanabe, Naoki; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Dúró, József, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The ideology of Hungarian Turanism, which insists on a connection between the Hungarian nation and the nations of the formerly accepted Ural-Altaic language family, has in recent years experienced a revival, to the extent that the Hungarian government itself has shifted its views on the ideology. This leads one to wonder why and how the government's policy has changed. In order to answer this question, one must consider a variety of factors including memory politics, ethnosymbolism, the relevance of Turanism in Hungarian history, and the role played by the Hungarian Minister of Human Resources, Miklós Kásler. Kásler insists that Hungarian being Uralic is more of a linguistic statement than a genetic one, which leads to the question of how national identity changes based on the label given to an ethnicity on the basis of genetics or linguistics. In this thesis I analyze interviews with Kásler in connection to the aforementioned factors to answer the question of how and why Hungarian government policy in relation to Turanism has changed. One of the major findings from this thesis was the level of influence Kásler possesses and how this decisively gave him the political clout to promote a revival of Turanism through his own institute. This indicates conclude that the current political climate in Hungary allowed for an environment that gave him such influence.
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The politics of memory and commemoration: centennial anniversary in the South Caucasus
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Huseynova, Ilaha; Makarychev, Andrey, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This study attempts to explore the alteration of historical narratives on centennial anniversary according to existent political situations in the South Caucasus. Drawing on the literature developed by several scholars of the politics of memory and commemoration, the thesis argues that coupled with national memory and cultural memory, political memory lead historical narratives to be impacted by states’ actions. What is more, national/collective memory, national/collective identity and political interest are interdependent, whereas foreign policy derives from the political interest. All things considered, the theoretical background brings to the conclusion of the possibility of narratives to be shaped by political situations. The thesis aims to dig into narratives provided and make a comparison with historical narratives to find out altered (highlighted or concealed) narratives. The research uses narrative analysis as a technique of qualitative method. Primarily based on chosen state-run media materials, as well as other primary sources of three countries of the region, narratives are being studied here for the first time. Some of the contributors here are celebratory speeches of countries’ officials and conducted elite-interviews of local experts from Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The results show that all three countries shift their historical narratives owing to the political situation existent.
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Unshared memory: an analysis of Israeli discourse on Polish nationalization of history 2018-2023
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Habash, Faiq; Gawlas-Zajączkowska, Agnieszka, juhendaja; Unkovski-Korica, Vladimir, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The Polish-Israeli Crisis of 2018, stemming from amendments to Poland's 'Act on the Institute of National Remembrance,' became a focal point for historical memory and Holocaust-related discourse, resulting in a diplomatic rift with Israel. This dissertation addresses two notable gaps in existing research by comprehensively analyzing how four major Israeli Hebrew-language newspapers—Yisrael HaYom, Yedioth Ahronoth, Ha'aretz, and Ma'ariv—portrayed the Crisis from 2018 to 2023. Existing research has predominantly focused on analyzing official communications, deals, memorandums, speeches, and statements by political authorities involved in the crisis and has conducted limited analysis of communications for the public. The limited prior studies have explored how right-wing newspapers in Israel and Poland reported on the Crisis, leaving a gap in the literature concerning newspapers with different political leanings. Representing a diverse political spectrum and catering to varying public audiences, these newspapers offer a nuanced understanding of how media coverage portrays and communicates events to the Israeli public. The theoretical relevance of this study lies in its twofold approach. Firstly, it provides insights into the synchronic communications accessible to the public as events unfolded. Secondly, it explores how newspapers, as agents in shaping and reflecting public discourse, frame events and influence public perceptions. The research employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) through the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to analyze newspaper coverage, considering the sociopolitical and historical context of the Crisis. The study addresses the primary research question: How do major Israeli newspapers portray the Polish-Israeli Crisis? It addresses the research subquestions: What frames are used to present the Crisis? What is open or closed to dialogue concerning shared histories? How are remembrance, Crisis, and international relations presented in relation to each other?
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Weaponized memeing: the online invocation of contested memory about WWII in the Russia-Ukraine War
(Tartu Ülikool, 2022) Ostiller, Nathaniel; Cheskin, Ammon, juhendaja; Osypchuk, Anna, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut