Sirvi Märksõna "demokratiseerimine" järgi

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Antifašistlik-demokraatlikud ümberkorraldused Portugalis aastatel 1974-1976
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1977) Raidla, Olev; Jaanson, Kaido, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Countering Lukashenka’s authoritarian regime: the strategies of the Belarusian diaspora
(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Potsepp, Kristel Birgit; Makarychev, Andrey, juhendaja; Braghiroli, Stefano, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
This Master’s thesis intends to research the ways in which the Belarusian diaspora is countering Lukashenka’s authoritarian regime. After the fraudulent presidential elections and protests in 2020, the majority of the country’s civil society has fled the country and the events of 2020 led to a new wave of politicised diaspora. To study the case, this research uses qualitative methods and process tracing. The sample consists of nine interviews: seven interviews with members of the Belarusian diaspora, one interview with a foreign affairs expert/diplomat and one interview with Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. The analysis is based on five main themes that emerged from the theoretical framework and literature review. The results of this study show that the diaspora is using three main strategies in countering the authoritarian regime: a) raising awareness and bringing attention to the cause; b) policy-making and lobbying; and c) supporting the Belarusians and political prisoners. Furthermore, the role of utilising the ICTs is crucial in supporting the activities of the diaspora and they are used as a ‘liberation tool’. The main functions of the ICTs are a) communication tool amongst the diaspora and people living in Belarus; b) source of news and media awareness; and c) mobilisation tool. As a practical outcome, I have developed policy recommendations for Estonia and the EU based on the empirical findings of the thesis.
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Das baltische Problem und die Vorschläge zu seiner Lösung
(Reval : F. Wassermann, 1906) Anonymous
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De facto riigi staatus demokratiseerumise mõjutajana: võrdlev analüüs tunnustatud ja tunnustamata riikide põhjal
(Tartu Ülikool, 2015) Ivask, Pille; Toomla, Raul, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
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Democratisation and political regimes in de facto states: a comparative analysis of levels of freedom and fairness in parliamentary elections in Abkhazia (2022) and South Ossetia (2019)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2023) Beslier, Marie; Florea, Adrian, juhendaja; Reisner, Oliver, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Over the past 30 years, Abkhazia and South Ossetia’s remarkable endurance has made them well-known cases on the list of de facto states. They have held regular elections, adopting an organisation that mimics that of recognised states, with a political arena invested by candidates nominated by parties and regulated by monitoring bodies, all within a legal framework. However, notwithstanding their notable similarities, the two de facto states would appear to have developed two very different ways of doing politics. While Abkhazia seems to have displayed evidence of a genuine political life, South Ossetia has espoused a "façade" regime, with ostensibly democratic bodies that in reality conceal an authoritarian style of rule. The research question underlying this study is therefore as follows: how is it to be explained that Abkhazia has apparently developed genuine democratic features, whereas they appear to be merely a façade in South Ossetia? This research falls within the scope of the literature on de facto states and is intended to fill a theoretical gap with domestic issues that are still under-addressed in favour of macro issues. Furthermore, this research has integrated the literature on democratisation and political regimes originally applied to recognised states, insofar as many de facto states have shown similar operating features. Drawing upon a comparative case study of the levels of freedom and fairness during the latest parliamentary elections in Abkhazia (2022) and South Ossetia (2019), and supported by the results of eight semi-structured interviews, this research aimed first of all at providing an initial discussion of the type of political regime in force in these two de facto states. Preliminary results have demonstrated that Abkhazia has adopted a hybrid form of regime, and that the concept of competitive authoritarian regime would seem to be more appropriate than that of ethnocracy, which has long been attributed to it. As regards South Ossetia, the elections revealed a total lack of freedom and fairness, favouring the hypothesis of a fully authoritarian regime. The second part of this research enabled the identification of seven potential factors to explain the discrepancies of the two de facto regimes types : the geography of the territory (F1), the state of the economy (F2), the Soviet legacy (F3), nationalism (F4), patron state interference (F5), international aid for the development of civil society (F6) and independence aspirations (F7). From a theoretical point of view, this research has shed light on an essential aspect of the political life of de facto states: elections. Furthermore, it has paved the way for future research into the question of political regimes and how literature applied to recognised states can provide valuable assistance. From a practical point of view, this research has confirmed the difficulty of such an enterprise, where methodological obstacles must not give rise to superficial applications of democratic factors, calling for semantic and scientific prudence. Finally, this research paves the way for further discussion on the façade of the South Ossetian regime, the components of which seem to reveal a more complex reality, while the increased unfairness of elections in Abkhazia seems to nuance the eulogies about its democratic nature, stressing the importance of not considering political regimes as immutable entities, but as constantly fluctuating on the political regime continuum.
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Demokraatia edendamine Ukrainas ja Gruusias: Euroopa Liidu välispoliitilise mõjutamise viisid ja piirid
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Kuusik, Alo Ingmar; Talving, Liisa, juhendaja; Vits, Kristel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Euroopa Liit (EL) on tänaseks sihipärase demokraatiaedendamisega (democracy promotion) tegelenud ligikaudu 30 aastat. 2004. aasta laienemine, mil Euroopa Liiduga liitus kümme riiki, sealhulgas ka Eesti, on selle edukuse üheks ilmekamaks näiteks. See valdkond on tekitanud ühelt poolt palju vaimustust Euroopa ringides, kirjeldamaks aina nüansirikkamat protsessi, mille alusel laiendada demokraatlike riikide pere. Teisalt on see kiiresti muutumas Euroopa ja tema naabrite peamiseks konfliktiallikaks, kuna demokratiseerumine ja sellega kaasnev lõimumine ühes suunas on praktikas kujunenud poliitiliselt välistavaks teises suunas. Liitudes Euroopa Liidu ja tema majandusliku süsteemiga, kaasneb suuresti Venemaa suunaliste sidemete, sealhulgas majandussidemete vähenemine. 2014. aasta Ukraina kriis oli murdeline hetk, kus need kaks vaadet põrkusid kõige silmnähtavamalt ning mille tagajärg on tänapäevase Euroopa kõige suurem relvastatud konflikt. Kuid kas Euroopa demokraatiat edendav tegevus on tõepoolest niivõrd deterministllik, et ainus viis selle peatamiseks on ennetavalt Euroopa Liidu võimalikku mõju piirata ning vajadusel suisa sõjaliselt sekkuda? Venemaa paistab sellest hirmust lähtuvalt käituvat, piirates ühelt poolt sisepoliitiliselt värvirevolutsioonidest alates eskaleeruvalt välise rahastuse võimaldamist ning kodanike ja vabaühenduste sõna- ning tegevusvabadusi (Heritage 2014) ning teisalt, näidates valmisolekut oma lähivälismaal jõumeetmeid kasutada, kui naaberriigid hakkavad nende hinnangul liigselt ELile lähenema. Samas on Euroopa akadeemilised ringkonnad üha skeptilisemaks muutumas reaalse mõju osas, mida Euroopa riigid ja iseäranis Euroopa Liit saab oma naabruskonnas avaldada. Seetõttu on selle uurimistöö eesmärgiks selgitada, milline on ELi demokraatiaedendamise praktika EL naabruskonnas ning selle mõju. Kas erinevused demokraatia arengus sihtriikides tulenevad Euroopa Liidu demokraatiaedendamise praktikatest? Uurimistöös on kasutatud kvalitatiivsel analüüsil ning MSSD meetodil põhinevat uurimisstrateegiat, mille raames analüüsitakse Ukraina ja Gruusia demokraatlikku arengut, võttes aluseks Euroopa Liidu välispoliitilise tegevuse. Demokraatiaedendamise analüüsiks toetun Levitsky ja Way (2006) teoreetilisele raamistikule, millest tuleneb kaks mudelit: mõjujõud (leverage) ja sidemed (linkage). Nende mudelite alusel raamistan EL tegevust ning analüüsin demokraatia edendamise praktikat. Uurimistöö empiirilisest analüüsist ilmneb, et ELi-poolne demokraatiaedendamine ei ole nii deterministlik protsess, kui võiks esialgu oodata. Levitsky ja Way raamistikust tulenev tingimuslikkusel põhinev mõjujõu mudel on juhtumriikide näitel olnud osaliselt edukas. Sidemete mudeli mõju on nõrgem ning töötab pigem kui kirjeldav või seletav mudel. Üldiselt tuleb tunnistada ELi piiratud mõju demokraatia edendamisele. Uurimistöö peamine leid on, et Euroopa Liit saab soodsate eeltingimuste raames demokratiseerumist edendada, kuid ei suuda seda esile kutsuda.
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Demokraatia taastamine Tšiilis ja Argentiinas 20nda sajandi lõpus
(Tartu Ülikool, 2001) Rohtmets, Jan; Krikk de Mateo, Sirje, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Domineeriva poliitilise jõu mõju demokraatia arengule India, Eesti ja Rumeenia näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2013) Villmann, Siret; Solvak, Mihkel, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
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Failing interventions? assessing the success of liberal peace-building in Kosovo after 2008
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Köppl, Stefanie; Berg, Eiki, juhendaja; Sonnleitner, Dominik, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Dealing with a world of constant crises and wars, the international community is continuously applying efforts in peace-building processes to war-torn countries, in order to impose stability and development. The underlying concept of liberal peace-building and the form it is carried out are discussed critically amongst scholars and creates controversies. Especially in the course of and after the Yugoslav wars the discussion gained additional momentum. This thesis explores and evaluates the success of the international engagement in post-war Kosovo, where the liberal concept was applied extensively after the conflict. For this purpose a single case study, mostly based on document analysis is employed in order to analyse the developments in core areas of liberal peace-building. Set standards and description of the engaged missions support the overall understanding of the situation in Kosovo. The thesis seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the effects of liberal approaches, as well as the reasons for the prevailing failure in Kosovo. The areas of liberal economy, democratization, human rights and rule of law are found to show major shortcomings for which the reasons lie in misconceptions based within the liberal approach, but also in the structure of the integrated mission carried out in Kosovo. In light of ongoing engagement in Kosovo by international actors, it is discussed that the overall approach of an external imposed framework does not, as intended, lead to liberal democracies. The thesis argues that the roots for instability are strengthened by the international engagement and hinder sufficient development in Kosovo and does essentially not allow a positive outlook.
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Hõimuühiskondliku elukorralduse mõju riigi poliitilisele kultuurile ning demokraatia tekkele
(Tartu Ülikool, 2013) Tamm, Kadi; Kilp, Alar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
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Korea rahva võitlus demokraatia ja iseseisvuse eest peale Teist Maailmasõda
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1954) Mets, Elsie; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Media's Role in Transition to Democracy: Estonia and Chile
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Üleoja, Paula; Mertelsmann, Olaf, juhendaja; Pataccini, Leonardo, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Poola rahva võitlus rahvademokraatliku korra kindlustamise ja sotsialismi aluste rajamise eest
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1953) Eerma, Helgi; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Prantsuse rahva võitlus oma maa demokratiseerimise ja iseseisvuse eest aastail 1944-1952
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1954) Ivan, Ellinor; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Religious liberalism: issues of religious minorities in Georgia
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Hulsey, Logan; Piirimäe, Eva, juhendaja; Nodia, Ghia, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Since 2012, there have been several issues concerning the Georgian Muslim community. These issues include the dismantling of a minaret, the dispute over ruined mosque, and the nailing of a pig’s head to a madrassa door. Common causes attributed to these events are the failure of the Central Government to react properly to these issues, the attitudes and rhetoric of the Georgian Orthodox Church, and popular Turkophobia. This research seeks to find the cause of these issues and investigate what they reveal about the democratization process of Georgia. The hypotheses investigated include the roles of the Georgian Central Government, The Georgian Orthodox Church, and popular Turkophobia in instigating these cases. This qualitative research investigates each of the cases of discrimination involving the Georgian Muslim minority originating from Adjara. The cases are analysed in depth through the use of news media and secondary data. To verify the findings and to gain an experienced perspective on the issues, interviews were conducted with experts who have worked with this minority group and other minority issues in Georgia. The theoretical framework of this research involves the concepts of democratization, particularly the concepts of democratic consolidation, majoritarian democracies, liberal/illiberal democracies, state strength, and pluralism. The research findings conclude that all three of the hypotheses are interrelated causes of the cases in question. The findings of the research indicate that the ultimate cause of the cases is Georgia being a weak state that is unable to function without the approval of the Georgian Orthodox church. In addition to this, popular Turkophobia is used as a tool by opponents of the activities of the Georgian Muslim group. It is revealed from the research that Georgia is in the process of democratization, and that it can be labelled as a majoritarian or illiberal democracy, because it lacks the state strength to implement the values of a liberal democracy.
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Rumeenia rahvamasside võitlus rahvademokraatliku korra kindlustamise ja sotsialismi aluste rajamise eest
(Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1953) Laar, Hans; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut
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Tahtlikud tapmised ja inimareng Eestis 1991–2018
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Mölder, Laura Liisa; Saar, Jüri, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Õigusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool
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Terrorismivastase võitluse mõju demokraatia edendamisele Aafrikas: Keenia ja Uganda näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2014) Käosaar, Kristel; Vilson, Maili, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
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The applicability of New Public Management principles in Estonian local government
(2006) Tõnnisson, Kristiina; Randma-Liiv, Tiina, juhendaja
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The development of political systems in post-communist countries
(Routledge, 2018) Pettai, Vello
The political development of post-communist Europe has generally been seen as a relatively successful march toward democracy. This chapter seeks to flesh out this understanding by examining the region through the prism of the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) dataset. V-Dem allows us to look at many underlying dimensions of democratic development, including its liberal, participatory, egalitarian and deliberative components. The chapter therefore examines the main post-communist countries of the EU across various V-Dem indices and measures, and discusses what is new in the dataset that enhances our existing narrative about democratic change in the region. While unsurprisingly V-Dem displays some of the same cross-national differences (between e.g. Czech Republic and Slovakia) that we see in other indices, it also shows more precisely where these gaps actually lie. The chapter concludes with reflections on how V-Dem’s institutionalist approach to democracy needs to be coupled with attitudinal measures in order to understand the latest phase of democratic backsliding in post-communist Europe.