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Conservative women’s representation in the European Parliament (2014-2019)
(Tartu Ülikool, 2020) Ser-Od, Yumjirmaa; Varnagy, Reka, juhendaja; Wierenga, Louis John, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The European Parliament is an important institution in improving gender equality in the European Union. Generally, both descriptive and substantive women’s representation is much stronger in left-wing political parties compared to their right-wing counterparts. Some right-wing parties in the European Parliament have made more progress than others. This research aimed to develop an understanding of the conservative women’s representation in the European Parliament. By comparing the women’s issues championed by the conservative members of the European Parliament (MEP), the research aimed to reveal policy prioritization and variation of conservatism among the MEPs during the eight-legislative term of the European Parliament. The research has identified variety of issues presented by the MEPs and found some feminist issues presented as well. This research makes an important contribution to the literature on conservative women’s representation in the European Parliament.
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Eesti Ekspressi persoonirubriigi Tegijad sooline representatsioon 2006. aastal
(Tartu Ülikool, 2007) Sokk, Katrina; Lõhmus, Maarja, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajakirjanduse ja kommunikatsiooni osakond
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Electoral institutions and constituency service of the European Parliament's members
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Khokhlova, Aleksandra; Ehin, Piret, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The European Parliament is a unique legislature for several reasons, including one that concerns the fact that its members (MEPs) are elected under different electoral rules. This Master’s thesis examines the impact of these rules on MEPs constituency service, assuming that the latter could be not only the means of being responsive to the electorate, but of the realization of own preferences as well. Such preferences concern re-election, that, thus, makes the supranational level, on which MEPs operate, highly dependent on the national context, where fortunes of MEPs are decided. Thus, this study shows that not only electoral rules for European elections shape the behavior of MEPs, but also – those that are used for national general elections. Therefore, MEPs’ constituency service becomes a mechanism of building personal reputations among voters and intraparty reputation as well.
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Euroopa Liidu väikeriikide esindatus ja mõju Euroopa Liidu poliitikale kliimapoliitika näitel aastatel 2019–2025
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Aun, Marten; Urmann, Helen, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Climate policy is becoming increasingly important at the international level each year and gradually spilling over into other policy branches, exerting significant influence. As the impacts of climate change become more visible in everyday life, the decisions made regarding climate policy gain greater relevance. While the EU member states follow a common climate policy, smaller states may find themselves with limited influence at the EU level and may have to bear the consequences of decisions shaped predominantly by larger member states. This bachelor’s thesis aimed to examine the representation of small states in the European Parliament’s committees dealing with climate and energy policy and to analyze their influence on the EU’s climate policy between 2019-2025. Using Estonian MEPs as a case study, the thesis also aims to give a general overview of the tactics used by MEPs from small states to exercise influence. In addition to being more active in influencing policy through their filed reports, smaller states were more represented in the ENVI and ITRE committees during the ninth term of the European Parliament than would have been predicted based on proportionality. However, the representation of small-state MEPs in these committees declined at the start of the tenth term. According to interviews with Estonian MEPs, there is little cooperation among Estonian MEPs; in contrast, influence-wielding relationships with MEPs from other nations and political groups were deemed more important.
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European Union small member states in the United Nations Security Council: a case of Europeanization of foreign policy
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Khrapunenko, Mariia; Linsenmaier, Thomas, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Representation on the international arena has always been important for the European Union (EU), especially when it comes to international organizations as they are the main field for global decision-making. Particularly interesting has been EU representation in the United Nations (UN) and more specifically in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), where only nation-states can be formal members. The restrictive for the EU legal set-up of the UNSC has left only one possibility for the EU voice to be heard – through its Member States (MSs). However, the questions remain: what MS is more likely to informally represent the EU positions, what causes it and to what level the MS will do it. Using the institutional-constructivist approach to the phenomenon of socialization. This thesis seeks to explain the difference in levels of informal representation of the EU positions aiming to find out what role the state size has on the level of socialization that leads to the informal representation of the EU positions. The study draws on original data from 10 interviews with the representatives of the selected EU MSs delegations (Portugal 2011-2012, Germany 2011-2012, Germany 2019-2020, and Estonia 2020-2021) to the UNSC to, first, establish the level of socialization for each of them and understand what differences (if any) there are between them. Second, it seeks to establish what scope of interest each of the selected countries had prior to joining the UNSC and build a link between the level of socialization and the respective state size. Then, the research aims to find out what level of informal representation of the EU positions each of the EU MS in the focus of this research had. This study arrives at two key findings. First, the results show that the state size does not have effect on the level of socialization of the EU MS. Second, the level of informal representation of the EU positions does not depend on the level of socialization that the EU MSs had prior to representing their national positions. It is apparent that the level of representation of the EU positions is largely defined by the importance that the EU MS attributes to representing the EU. Therefore, this thesis opens prospects for further studies of the topic.
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From a critical mass to critical act(or)s: the substantive representation of women in peace processes
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Libek, Elina; Wierenga, Louis John, juhendaja; Kilp, Alar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
A growing awareness of the gender-specific experiences of women in war and post-war conditions have gradually introduced the term “substantive representation of women” to the attention of institutions and individuals concerned with peace and security, from whose agenda it had thus far been absent. Both scholars and policy-makers dealing with the issue of gender and security have reached a general agreement that peace processes should reflect women’s substantive representation, meaning that women’s interests should be included in official peace agreements. The main purpose of this paper was to answer the question, what are the factors accounting for the substantive representation of women in peace. That was done through an in-depth analysis of the peace processes in El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia, combining within-case process tracing with cross-case comparison. The occurrence of the substantive representation of women in peace processes was analysed focusing on three dimensions – location of representational activities, critical actors, and means of expressing SRW. What emerged from the analysis are six factors accounting for more gender-sensitive peace agreements, substantively representing women’s interests: (1) inclusiveness of the peace process in terms of civil society and public involvement; (2) strength and autonomy of women’s organizations; (3) links between the informal and formal arenas of a peace process; channels for accessing the negotiation process; (4) co-operation between the critical actors in different representational arenas; (5) ability to create a coherent women’s agenda; (6) advocacy from the key stakeholders at the negotiating table. There is further research required on several subsequent issues, including: how well the gender-specific provisions of final peace agreements reflected the diversity of women’s concerns and the extent to which these provisions have been implemented in post-conflict settings. Notes: women, substantive representation, peace processes
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Infoühiskonna kajastamine Eesti Päevalehes ja Postimehes
(Tartu Ülikool, 2005) Kanger, Laur; Kalmus, Veronika, juhendaja; Kõuts-Klemm, Ragne, juhendaja; Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, Pille, juhendaja
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Meeldetuletuste seos vastamismäära ja andmete esinduslikkusega veebipaneelis CRONOS1 Eesti andmete põhjal
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Märtin, Mariann; Soidla, Indrek, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Ühiskonnateaduste instituut
Käesolev bakalaureusetöö uuris vastamismustrite kujunemist ning meeldetuletuste rolli vastamismäära ja andmete esinduslikkuse kujundamisel, tuginedes CRONOS1 (Cross-National Online Survey) paneeluuringu Eesti andmetele. Töö eesmärk oli selgitada, kuivõrd iga järgnev meeldetuletus suurendab tõenäosuslikul valimil põhinevas veebipaneelis vastamismäära ning aitab parandada andmete esinduslikkust. Empiiriline analüüs põhines kuues laines läbi viidud CRONOS1 uuringul, mis toimus ajavahemikus veebruar 2017 kuni veebruar 2018. Tulemused näitasid, et suurim osa vastuseid laekus esialgse kutse ja esimese meeldetuletuse järel: esialgsele kutsele vastas 45–55,3% osalejatest, esimene meeldetuletus lisas 18,8–29,9%. Teise ja kolmanda meeldetuletuse mõju oli oluliselt väiksem, lisades vastavalt vaid 3,1–7,3% ja 2,5–8,1%. Kõigis lainetes saavutati vastamismäära platoo juba pärast teist meeldetuletust, mis viitab vähenenud kasule täiendavate meeldetuletuste saatmisel. Analüüs näitas, et vastamise ajastus oli statistiliselt seotud mitmete sotsiaaldemograafiliste tunnustega, sh sugu, vanus, haridustase ja internetikasutuse sagedus. Naised vastasid aktiivsemalt kui mehed, samuti vastasid sagedamini varasematele kutsetele keskealised ja vanemad inimesed. Kõrgharidusega vastajate seas oli esialgsele kutsele reageerijate osakaal suurim. Igapäevased internetikasutajad vastasid varasemalt kui need, kes kasutasid internetti harva või üldse mitte. Väärtushinnangute osas ilmnes, et madalama üldistatud usalduse tasemega vastajad reageerisid sagedamini hiljem, mis viitab sellele, et hoiakud võivad mõjutada vastamiskäitumist. Muude hoiakuliste tunnuste puhul ilmnesid küll nõrgad seosed, kuid mõningad trendid osutasid, et konservatiivsemad või vähem usaldavad isikud vajasid rohkem meeldetuletusi. Uuringu tulemused kinnitavad, et meeldetuletused aitavad suurendada valimi esinduslikkust, tuues uuringusse rohkem alaesindatud gruppe.
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Naiste esindamine ja esindatus Riigikogus taasiseseisvumisest tänaseni
(Tartu Ülikool, 2024) Tähiste, Margaret; Lepasaar Beecher, David Ilmar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Käesolev lõputöö keskendub naiste esindamisele ja nende esindatusele Riigikogus taasiseseisvumisest tänaseni. Olgugi, et naised moodustavad üle poole (718 518) Eesti elanikkonnast ja neil on õigus osaleda poliitikas võrdselt meestega, peegeldab Riigikogu koosseis siiani soolist ebaproportsionaalsust, kus naisliikmete arv on märgatavalt madal (Statistikaamet 2023). See tõstatab olulisi küsimusi demokraatia ja poliitilise esindatuse kohta Eestis. Lõputöö uurimisprobleem keskendub teguritele ja barjääridele, mis mõjutavad naiste esindatust ja osalust Riigikogus ning kuidas neid takistusi saaks tõhusalt ületada. Lisaks uurimise praktilisele olulisusele ja ühiskondlikule mõjule on uurimisprobleem seotud ka laiemate teoreetiliste ja poliitiliste küsimustega. Uurimuses tugineti Riigikogu endistele ja praegustele naisliikmetele, et saada isiklikku perspektiivi ja arusaama naiste esindatusest Eesti Vabariigis. Analüüsist selgus, et isiklikult ei ole intervjueeritavad kogenud barjääre ega takistusi poliitilises elus tegutsemisel, kuid osutati konkreetsetele väljakutsetele, millega naised peavad poliitilises karjääris tegelema, seeläbi anti tõhusaid suuniseid, kuidas katsumusi ületada ning soolist võrdõiguslikkust Eesti poliitilises sfääris edendada.
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Noorte alaesindatus Riigikogus
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Reigo, Romek-Andreas; Pääbo, Heiko, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
Käesolev lõputöö keskendub kuni 30-aastaste noorte alaesindatusele Riigikogus ja nende poliitilisele huvile. Noored moodustavad ligikaudu kolmandiku Eesti elanikkonnast, ent nende osakaal parlamendi koosseisus on oluliselt väiksem, mis tõstatab küsimuse demokraatliku esindatuse tasakaalustatuse kohta. Alaesindatus võib mõjutada ka poliitiliste otsuste sisu ja kestust, kuna esindamata võivad jääda noorte vaated ja huvid. Bakalaureusetöö uurimiseesmärk oli välja selgitada noorte alaesindatuse põhjused ja mõista, milliseid lahendusi võiks rakendada poliitilise huvi ning esindatuse suurendamiseks. Töö põhineb kvalitatiivsel meetodil, kus viidi läbi kaheksa intervjuud Riigikogu erakondade juhtliikmete, kuni 30-aastaste saadikute ja noortega, kes kandideerisid 2023. aasta parlamendivalimistel. Intervjuud võimaldasid saada arvamusi eri kogemuse ja vanusega poliitikutelt ning võrrelda nende vaateid noorte poliitilise huvi ja esindatuse takistuste kohta. Tulemused näitavad, et alaesindatus ei ole tingitud ainult noorte vähesest poliitilisest huvist, vaid on mõjutatud ka poliitilise süsteemi takistustest ja ühiskondlikest hoiakutest. Tööst selgusid mitmed soovitused, kuidas noorte alaesindatust vähendada ja vanuselist võrdsust Eesti poliitilisel maastikul edendada.
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Punishing voters, accountability, and congruence
(Tartu Ülikool, 2021) Jain, Anurag; Talving, Liisa, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
When voters ‘punish’ the incumbents, does it affect the ideological congruence between incumbent parties and their voters? This study is an examination of an underlying tension between democratic values of representation and accountability that elections are normatively expected to serve in a democracy. I examine this tension through the concept of ‘punishing voters’. Punishing voters are conceptualized as the subset of the electorate who have previously voted for the incumbents, and switch their votes later based on economic evaluations. Using the data for 35 countries between 2011–2016 from the fourth round of Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, I examine the hypothesis that ideological congruence between incumbent parties and their voters increases with rise in economic voting. This study is socially important as it implies that voters are forced to choose between retrospective evaluations and ideological congruence. The consequences of this argument are important for understanding the crises of democracies in the context of competing normative values that elections serve.
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Representation and discourses of otherness : coca leaf and mambear in the Museum of America : (de)colonial thought and indigenous perspectives
(Tartu Ülikool, 2025) Pérez Mora, María Camila; Vallen, Nino, juhendaja; Põldsam, Rebeka, juhendaja; Francis, Dennis, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Kultuuriteaduste instituut
This dissertation investigates how the Museum of America in Madrid represents the Indigenous practice of mambear, often reducing it to stereotypes of drug use and exoticism rooted in colonial narratives. Such portrayals obscure its cultural, spiritual, and social meanings, reinforcing the marginalisation of Indigenous voices. The study pursues two aims: to critically analyse the museum’s discursive construction of mambear, and to explore alternative frameworks that support decolonial understandings of the practice. Grounded in postcolonial and decolonial theory and museum studies, it calls for more inclusive and critical representations that challenge the colonial legacies embedded in institutional discourse.
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Sugupoolte representatsioon reklaamis ja selle tõlgendamine vastuvõtjate poolt Piimstream'i reklaamikampaania näitel
(Tartu Ülikool, 2007) Kõmmus, Diana; Kalmus, Veronika, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Ajakirjanduse ja kommunikatsiooni osakond
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The effect of hegemonic masculinity in the proportion of women in post-communist parliaments: a case study of Estonia and Poland
(Tartu Ülikool, 2014) Moreland, Anne; Blobaum, Robert, juhendaja; Kutsar, Dagmar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaal- ja haridusteaduskond; Tartu Ülikool. Riigiteaduste instituut
The underrepresentation of women in national parliaments is a phenomenon that plagues much of the world, with the Baltic Sea Region being no exception. Two countries, Estonia and Poland, are chosen for comparative analysis in this paper, as they possess different cultures and histories, but have similar results in regards to female representation at a national level. The comparison provides insight into the situation women face in politics in two post-communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper will examine the trends in the proportion of female representatives in Poland and Estonia’s national parliaments in the transition from communism to democracy and post-transition periods. The work seeks to conceptualize why women in Poland and Estonia continue to be grossly underrepresented in the upper echelons of power by employing R.W. Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity. Hegemonic masculinity entails the cultural force that both dominates and subordinates femininity as well as other masculinities, thus resulting in low proportions of women in the national parliaments of the new countries examined. Three time periods are developed for a fuller analysis of changes in the amount of women seated in the upper echelons of power: the communist period, the transition period, 1989-2004, and the post-transition period, 2004-2012. The work notes the changes in gender equality policies in each country after the accession to the European Union in 2004 and the possibilities of greater gender equality in each state.
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The effect of modernization on the representation of women in parliament - a case study of Estonia
(Tartu Ülikooli Euroopa kolledž, 2013) Drews, Kathrin; Marling, Raili, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Euroopa Kolledž
This study aims at analyzing the issue of under-representation of women in the Estonian parliament (Riigikogu) with the help of Ronald Inglehart, Pippa Norris and Christian Welzel's approach of modernization. The analysis of the situation in Estonia, as a unique case makes it possible to test the theory in use. The empirical analysis consists mainly of data derived from semi-structured interviews with experts in the eld of gender equality in Estonia. As Estonia has yet to emphasize the importance of gender equality, today, women are still highly under-represented in the Riigikogu. The main results show that while the scholars claim that cultural barriers constitute the main hurdle for women to enter the political sphere, in the case of Estonia, the socioeconomic situation and institutional barriers clearly keep women from the possibility to participate in politics. Further, instead of religion as main cultural in uence, in Estonia the cultural heritage is largely de ned by the society's Soviet past. The overall conclusions state that while the theory at use seemed to be applicable universally, in the case of Estonia it cannot be applied fully, as crucial in uences are not taken into account by the theory.
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What affects the electoral success of female candidates? Analysis of Estonian parliamentary elections of 2015 and 2019
(Tartu Ülikool, 2019) Urmann, Helen; Mölder, Martin, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
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Women’s descriptive representation in the Riigikogu
(Tartu Ülikool, 2017) Kivisalu, Kaidi-Lisa; Wierenga, Louis John, juhendaja; Kilp, Alar, juhendaja; Tartu Ülikool. Sotsiaalteaduste valdkond; Tartu Ülikool. Johan Skytte poliitikauuringute instituut
The research on women’s political representation has emphasised the role of political, structural and cultural factors in hindering women’s access to legislative office. The perceived obstacles can be multifaceted, ranging from electoral systems and party ideology to the socio-economic situation or the prevalent traditional gender norms in a society. This thesis researches the descriptive representation in the Riigikogu, by analysing the conducted interviews with women currently in the parliament. Three main research questions were posed in this research: what are the perceived obstacles that prevent women from entering the political sphere; what do female elected representatives feel can be done to change this and whether female members of the parliament believe that they represent women’s interests. The findings show that, most respondents do not believe that they represent women’s interests. Furthermore, three types of obstacles – political, cultural and individual – are identified that hinder women’s advancement in politics. Finally, two types of strategies are put forward – formal and non-formal – to combat inequality in the political sphere.