Adaptation of selected blood biochemical stress and energy turnover markers to different training regimens in highly trained male rowers
Date
2011-07-21
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Abstract
Tasakaal treeningu ja ületreeningu vahel on suhteliselt habras. Seetõttu on väga oluline õige treeningu- ja puhkeperioodide planeerimine ning süstemaatiline treeningu monitooring. Treeningu monitooring koosneb peamiselt psühholoogilisest ja füsioloogilisest monitooringust ning keha koostise ja saavutusvõimega seotud parameetrite monitooringust.
Käesoleva töö peamine eesmärk oli uurida sõudjate adaptatsiooni suuremahulise madala intensiivsusega treeninguperioodile. Käesolev töö põhineb kahel erineval uuringul, millest esimene uuring koosnes neljanädalasest madala intensiivsusega suuremahulisest treeninguperioodist, ning teine uuring oli kestvusega üks aasta ja oli mõeldud uurimaks pikaajalisemat treeningu adaptatsiooni.
Esimeses uuringus osales 8 hästi treenitud meessõudjat. Uuringu käigus oli kolm testimise sessiooni: Esimene testimine toimus suuremahulise treeningtsükli alguses, teine testimine toimus vahetult peale suuremahulist treeningtsüklit ning kolmas testimine toimus peale ühe nädala pikkust taastumisperioodi. Testimise sessioonile eelnev päev oli puhkepäev ning sel ajal treeninguid ei toimunud. Iga testimise sessioon koosnes hommikusest puhkeoleku vereproovist, RESTQ-Sport küsimustiku täitmisest, ning 2-tunnisest madala intensiivsusega sõudmise testist. Samuti määrati kolmel korral (enne suuremahulist treeningperioodi, suuremahulise treeningperioodi lõpul ning taastumisperioodi lõpul) vaatlusaluste energia tarbimine ning energiakulu. Kahetunnise sõudmise testi käigus määrati vaatlusalustel südame löögisagedus, läbitud distants, vere laktaadikontsentratsioon ning võeti veenivere proovid määramaks erinevaid biokeemilisi parameetreid, mis iseloomustavad organismi energiatasakaalu ning reaktsiooni treeningstressile.
Teises uuringus osales 9 kõrgelt treenitud sõudjat, kes kõik olid rahvusvahelistel võistlustel medalivõitjad. Ettevalmistava perioodi alguses sooritasid vaatlusalused 6000-meetri sõudeergomeetritesti ja täpselt aasta pärast sooritasid nad sama testi uuesti. Vaatlusalustelt võeti veenivere proovid enne testi, kohe pärast testi ja 30 minutit pärast testi lõpetamist. Testile eelneval päeval määrati ka keha koostise parameetrid.
Töö tulemustest selgus, et suuremahuline treeningperiood kutsub organismis esile olulise energiapuudujäägi, mis kajastub ka muutusena vastavates biokeemilistes parameetrites. Just energiatasakaalu häirumine, mitte niivõrd lihaste funktsionaalsete omaduste muutumine, võib olla madala intensiivsusega vastupidavustreeningu puhul ületreeningut põhjustavate protsesside põhjustaja. Samuti leidsime, et sportlase töövõime paranedes võib sarnase maksimaalse koormuse tagajärjel organismi reaktsioon olla erinev, mille põhjustajaks võib olla sportlase paranenud suutlikkus oma võimete mobiliseerimisel.
The balance between training and overtraining is very delicate. Therefore, it is very important to design effective training plan and to use systematic training monitoring. Training monitoring consists mainly of monitoring of psychological, body compositional, physiological and performance parameters. The main aim of the current thesis was to investigate the adaptation effects of male rowers to high volume low intensity training period. The current dissertation is combined of two different studies. Study I consisted of the four week high volume, low intensity training cycle, while study II was designed to study long term adaptation and was one year long. In the first study eight highly trained male rowers participated. During the testing period there were three testing sessions: first testing session was done before high training volume period, second session after high volume period and third session after recovery week. The day before testing session was meant for recovery and there were no trainings during that day. Each testing session consisted of fasting blood sample in the morning, RESTQ-Sport questionnaire and 2 hour low intensity rowing test. We also measured three times (before high volume session, during high volume session, during recovery week) subjects´ energy consumption and energy expenditure. During 2 hour rowing test we measured heart rate, the covered distance, blood lactate concentrations and venous blood samples to determine different biochemical markers of energy balance and that characterize energy balance and the body´s reaction to training stress. In the second study nine highly trained male rowers participated, they have all been medal winners in international world regattas either at junior or under-23 level. In both years, subjects completed 6000 meter ergometer test. The measurements took place at the beginning of the preparatory period after the period of relative rest. Venous blood samples were taken before the test, after the test and 30 minutes after the test. Also, during the day before the testing body composition parameters were determined. The results of the current dissertation indicated that of the high volume training period energy induces negative energy balance that caused changes in biochemical energy turnover markers. The energy imbalance, not the change of muscle functional parameters, might be the main reason of the development of overtraining during high volume low intensity trainings. We also found that during performance improvement, the body´s reaction to maximal effort can be different, possibly because of the improved ability to mobilize different capacities that are stressed during the test.
The balance between training and overtraining is very delicate. Therefore, it is very important to design effective training plan and to use systematic training monitoring. Training monitoring consists mainly of monitoring of psychological, body compositional, physiological and performance parameters. The main aim of the current thesis was to investigate the adaptation effects of male rowers to high volume low intensity training period. The current dissertation is combined of two different studies. Study I consisted of the four week high volume, low intensity training cycle, while study II was designed to study long term adaptation and was one year long. In the first study eight highly trained male rowers participated. During the testing period there were three testing sessions: first testing session was done before high training volume period, second session after high volume period and third session after recovery week. The day before testing session was meant for recovery and there were no trainings during that day. Each testing session consisted of fasting blood sample in the morning, RESTQ-Sport questionnaire and 2 hour low intensity rowing test. We also measured three times (before high volume session, during high volume session, during recovery week) subjects´ energy consumption and energy expenditure. During 2 hour rowing test we measured heart rate, the covered distance, blood lactate concentrations and venous blood samples to determine different biochemical markers of energy balance and that characterize energy balance and the body´s reaction to training stress. In the second study nine highly trained male rowers participated, they have all been medal winners in international world regattas either at junior or under-23 level. In both years, subjects completed 6000 meter ergometer test. The measurements took place at the beginning of the preparatory period after the period of relative rest. Venous blood samples were taken before the test, after the test and 30 minutes after the test. Also, during the day before the testing body composition parameters were determined. The results of the current dissertation indicated that of the high volume training period energy induces negative energy balance that caused changes in biochemical energy turnover markers. The energy imbalance, not the change of muscle functional parameters, might be the main reason of the development of overtraining during high volume low intensity trainings. We also found that during performance improvement, the body´s reaction to maximal effort can be different, possibly because of the improved ability to mobilize different capacities that are stressed during the test.
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Keywords
sõudjad, veri, veri, biomarkerid, energia tasakaal, rowers, training, blood, biomarkers, energy balance (biol.)