Different genetic perspectives on human history in Europe and the Caucasus: the stories told by uniparental and autosomal markers
Date
2012-05-07
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Inimese genoomi võib vaadelda kui ajalooürikut, mis pärandub põlvest põlve ja milles aja möödumist märgivad juhuslikud mutatsioonid. Juba aastakümneid on demograafilise ajaloo uurimiseks kasutatud emalt lastele päranduvat mitokondriaalset DNA-d ja isalt pojale päranduvat Y-kromosoomi, viimasel ajal on lisandunud üle kogu genoomi paiknevad markerid.
Pikka aega on laialdast huvi pakkunud Euroopa praeguste inimpopulatsioonide kujunemine. Y-kromosoomi andmed viitavad mitme uue geneetilise variandi tekkele Euroopas umbes 8000 aastat tagasi ning nende variantide kiirele ja laialdasele levikule, mida võib seostada mitme neoliitilise kultuuri levikuga.
Erinevalt Euroopast on Kaukaasia, mägine piirkond Musta ja Kaspia mere vahel, siiani olnud geneetiliselt vähem uuritud. Kaukaasiat iseloomustab suur etniline ja keeleline mitmekesisus, aga geneetiliselt taustalt on sealsed inimpopulatsioonid palju ühtsemad, kui võiks eeldada. Ainult Y-kromosoomi andmetes esineb järske erinevusi Kaukaasia alampiirkondade vahel. Geneetiliselt on kaukaaslased kõige lähedasemad Lähis-Ida populatsioonidele, mis viitab Kaukaasia asustamisele Lähis-Idast. Seevastu on põhja-kaukaaslaste ja nende lähedal elavate idaeurooplaste vahel oluline geneetiline erinevus. Sellest võib järeldada, et Kaukaasia ei ole olnud koridoriks inimeste liikumisel Lähis-Idast Ida-Euroopasse ega Euroopasse üldiselt. Kuna piki Musta mere läänekallast on märgatav sujuv geneetiline üleminek Lähis-Idast Ida-Euroopani, rändasid inimesed Euroopasse tõenäoliselt sealtkaudu, mitte läbi Kaukaasia.
Ajaloo uurimisel pakub alati huvi see, millal mingi sündmus võis aset leida. Y-kromosoomi andmetel põhinevates populatsioonigeneetilistes uuringutes kasutatakse geneetiliste liinide vanuse määramiseks laialdaselt lühikesi tandeemseid kordusjärjestusi. Tavaliselt kasutatakse kolme- ja neljanukleotiidseid kordusi, kuid aeglasemalt muutuvad viie- ja kuuenukleotiidsed kordused võivad mõnedel juhtudel ajahinnangute andmiseks paremini sobida.
The human genome can be viewed as a historical document inherited from one generation to the next, in which the passage of time is marked by random mutations. For decades, demographic history has been studied using mitochondrial DNA inherited from mother to children and the Y chromosome inherited from father to son; recently markers all over the genome have been added. For a long time, there has been widespread interest in the formation of the European gene pool. Y chromosome data suggest the establishment of several new genetic variants in Europe about 8000 years ago, and the fast and extensive spread of these variants that can be linked to the spread of several Neolithic cultures. The Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian Seas, has been genetically less extensively studied than Europe. The Caucasus is characterised by high ethnic and linguistic diversity, but the genetic background of its populations is much more uniform than might be assumed. Only Y chromosome data exhibit sharp differences between the sub-regions of the Caucasus. Genetically the Caucasians are closest to the populations of the Middle East, suggesting that the Caucasus was populated from the Middle East. In contrast, there is a significant genetic difference between the North Caucasians and the East Europeans inhabiting an adjacent area. Since a smooth genetic transition from the Middle East to East Europe can be observed along the western coast of the Black Sea, people likely migrated to Europe along this route, not through the Caucasus. The timing of events is always of interest in studying history. In population genetic studies based on Y chromosome data, the use of short tandem repeats to determine the age of genetic lineages is widespread. Tri- and tetranucleotide repeats are commonly used, but slower evolving penta- and hexanucleotide repeats may in some cases be better suited for time estimates.
The human genome can be viewed as a historical document inherited from one generation to the next, in which the passage of time is marked by random mutations. For decades, demographic history has been studied using mitochondrial DNA inherited from mother to children and the Y chromosome inherited from father to son; recently markers all over the genome have been added. For a long time, there has been widespread interest in the formation of the European gene pool. Y chromosome data suggest the establishment of several new genetic variants in Europe about 8000 years ago, and the fast and extensive spread of these variants that can be linked to the spread of several Neolithic cultures. The Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian Seas, has been genetically less extensively studied than Europe. The Caucasus is characterised by high ethnic and linguistic diversity, but the genetic background of its populations is much more uniform than might be assumed. Only Y chromosome data exhibit sharp differences between the sub-regions of the Caucasus. Genetically the Caucasians are closest to the populations of the Middle East, suggesting that the Caucasus was populated from the Middle East. In contrast, there is a significant genetic difference between the North Caucasians and the East Europeans inhabiting an adjacent area. Since a smooth genetic transition from the Middle East to East Europe can be observed along the western coast of the Black Sea, people likely migrated to Europe along this route, not through the Caucasus. The timing of events is always of interest in studying history. In population genetic studies based on Y chromosome data, the use of short tandem repeats to determine the age of genetic lineages is widespread. Tri- and tetranucleotide repeats are commonly used, but slower evolving penta- and hexanucleotide repeats may in some cases be better suited for time estimates.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.
Keywords
populatsioonigeneetika, geenivool, genoomid, geenifond, Euroopa, Kaukaasia, population genetics, gene flow, genomes, gene pool