Les valeurs du conditionnel français et estonien. Une étude contrastive basée sur les textes traduits et comparables
Date
2012-10-09
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Abstract
Kui meil enestel poleks vigu, siis meile ei pakuks nii suurt lõbu leida neid teistelt.
Si nous n’avions point de défauts, nous ne prendrions pas tant de plaisir à en remarquer dans les autres.
Prantsuse keeles ei ole selle François de La Rochefoucauld’ maksiimi kõrvallauses tingivat kõneviisi ning peallause algul puudub sidend „siis“, kuid arusaadav on see üldinimlikule nõrkusele viitav väide siiski ühtmoodi. Kindel kõneviis prantsuse versiooni kõrvallauses annab edasi just selle sama hüpoteetilise nüansi nagu eesti tingiv kõneviis ning tegelikult oleks ju eestikeelne tõlge mõeldav ka ilma korrelaadita „siis“.
Nagu inimesed, nõnda on ka grammatilised kategooriad üldiselt defineeritavad just vastandustes üksteisele. Need vastandused on keeliti erinevad, kuid keele funktsioonid siiski suhteliselt universaalsed. Nii leiabki tõlkija pärast suuremat või väiksemat peamurdmist võimaluse, kuidas lähtekeeles väljendatu sihtkeeles kõige ladusamalt kõlaks. Käesoleva töö eesmärk on kaardistada eesti ja prantsuse keele tingiva kõneviisi vastavused tõlketekstides, saamaks selgemat aimu nende keelte konditsionaalide toimimisest. Laiendades La Rochefoucauld’ maksiimi võrdlevat aspekti lingvistikakonteksti, võib tõdeda, et just kõrvutamine teise keelesüsteemiga võib anda olulist infot uuritava keelenähtuse kohta.
Kui ülaltoodud tingimuslause konstruktsioonid on kahes keeles küllalt sarnased, siis ülejäänud funktsioonide vaatlemisel leidub lisaks hulgaliselt lahknevusi. Need lahknevused võivad tuleneda nii süsteemsetest erinevustest keeles, kui olla motiveeritud stiililistest kaalutlustest või tõlkija isiklikest eelistustest. Nii näiteks on morfoloogilise tuleviku ning aegade ühildumise fenomeni puudumise tõttu mõeldamatu tõlkida eesti keeles tingivasse kõneviisi neid prantsuse konditsionaali vorme, mis sünnivad just nimetatud nähtuste koosmõjul. Samas, kui eesti keeles oleks teoreetiliselt võimalik kasutada kaudset kõneviisi ka ajakirjanduslikes uudistes (prantsuse keeles on üks sarnase grammatilise kirjeldusega konditsionaali kasutus selles kontekstis väga sage), siis seda nn kvaliteetuudistes ajakirjandustraditsioonide erinevuse tõttu siiski ei tehta. Nendele ja paljudele teistele põnevatele teemadele käesolev töö polüfoonilises võtmes keskendubki, ammutades võrdlusmaterjali nii tõlgitud kui sarnast tüüpi tekstidest koostatud korpustest.
Si nous n’avions point de défauts, nous ne prendrions pas tant de plaisir à en remarquer dans les autres. Kui meil enestel poleks vigu, siis meile ei pakuks nii suurt lõbu leida neid teistelt. [If we had no faults ourselves, we should not take so much pleasure in noticing those of other people.] Comparing to Estonian version, in French, there is no conditional form in the subordinate clause of that François de La Rochefoucauld’s maxim, and the conjunction siis (‘then’) is also absent in the main clause. Nevertheless, the message is understood the same way in both languages. The indicative mood in the subordinate clause of the French version passes on the same hypothetical nuance as the Estonian conditional form, and the translation into Estonian is, in fact, also possible without the correlative siis. Just as people themselves, the grammatical categories are mostly defined by opposing to each other. These oppositions can vary in different languages, but the linguistic functions are mainly universal. So the translator finds always the way how to transmit the message from the source language to the target one. The aim of the present thesis is to map the equivalences of the Estonian and French conditional forms in the translations in order to have more specific understanding of the functioning of these forms in both languages. If we try to expand the comparative aspect of the above mentioned maxim into the linguistic context, we may say that this is precisely the comparison with the other language system that can provide us some useful information on the studied linguistic phenomena. If the construction of the conditional clause seems quite parallel in French and in Estonian, the observation of the other functions reveals many differences. These differences may result from the systematic dissimilarities between the languages or be motivated by stylistic considerations and/or by the translator’s personal preferences. For example, as in Estonian, there is neither morphological future nor the phenomenon of the sequence of tenses, one cannot translate into Estonian conditional the French forms that have been influenced by these phenomena. Or, Estonian journalists do not use very often the quotative forms in writing the news, even if it would be theoretically possible since one of the functions of French conditional which has nearly identical grammatical description appears very often in that context. In the present thesis, these and many other intriguing issues are discussed in the light of the polyphonic theory.
Si nous n’avions point de défauts, nous ne prendrions pas tant de plaisir à en remarquer dans les autres. Kui meil enestel poleks vigu, siis meile ei pakuks nii suurt lõbu leida neid teistelt. [If we had no faults ourselves, we should not take so much pleasure in noticing those of other people.] Comparing to Estonian version, in French, there is no conditional form in the subordinate clause of that François de La Rochefoucauld’s maxim, and the conjunction siis (‘then’) is also absent in the main clause. Nevertheless, the message is understood the same way in both languages. The indicative mood in the subordinate clause of the French version passes on the same hypothetical nuance as the Estonian conditional form, and the translation into Estonian is, in fact, also possible without the correlative siis. Just as people themselves, the grammatical categories are mostly defined by opposing to each other. These oppositions can vary in different languages, but the linguistic functions are mainly universal. So the translator finds always the way how to transmit the message from the source language to the target one. The aim of the present thesis is to map the equivalences of the Estonian and French conditional forms in the translations in order to have more specific understanding of the functioning of these forms in both languages. If we try to expand the comparative aspect of the above mentioned maxim into the linguistic context, we may say that this is precisely the comparison with the other language system that can provide us some useful information on the studied linguistic phenomena. If the construction of the conditional clause seems quite parallel in French and in Estonian, the observation of the other functions reveals many differences. These differences may result from the systematic dissimilarities between the languages or be motivated by stylistic considerations and/or by the translator’s personal preferences. For example, as in Estonian, there is neither morphological future nor the phenomenon of the sequence of tenses, one cannot translate into Estonian conditional the French forms that have been influenced by these phenomena. Or, Estonian journalists do not use very often the quotative forms in writing the news, even if it would be theoretically possible since one of the functions of French conditional which has nearly identical grammatical description appears very often in that context. In the present thesis, these and many other intriguing issues are discussed in the light of the polyphonic theory.
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Keywords
eesti keel, prantsuse keel, kõrvutav lingvistika, tingiv kõneviis, Estonian language, French language, contrastive linguistics, conditional