The conflict of conflict rules – the relationship between European regulations on private international law and Estonian legal assistance treaties concluded with third states
Date
2019-02-15
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Abstract
Doktoritöö eesmärgiks on vastata küsimusele, mil määral on omavahel kooskõlas Euroopa Liidu rahvusvahelise eraõiguse määrused ning nn laiapõhjalised õigusabilepingud, mille Eesti Vabariik on enne Euroopa Liiduga liitumist sõlminud Venemaa Föderatsiooni ja Ukrainaga. Mõlemat liiki instrumendid reguleerivad küsimust, millal saavad isikud Eesti kohtutesse pöörduda, millise riigi õigust peavad Eesti kohtud kohaldama, millistel tingimustel saab Eestis maksma panna välisriikide kohtulahendeid ja muid täitedokumente ning kuidas peaks toimuma rahvusvaheline koostöö teiste riikide ametiasutustega tsiviilasjade lahendamisel. Ühtlasi on tegemist õigusaktidega, mida rahvusvaheliste tsiviilõiguslike vaidluste lahendamisel Eesti kohtutes peale tsiviilkohtumenetluse seadustiku kõige rohkem kasutatakse.
Kuigi enne Euroopa Liiduga liitumist kolmandate riikidega sõlmitud välislepingud omavad formaalselt Euroopa Liidu õigusaktide ees prioriteeti, toob kahe erineva rahvusvahelise eraõiguse režiimi kehtimine kaasa tagajärje, kus Eesti kohtutes koheldakse isikuid sõltuvalt nende kodakondsusest erinevalt. Selline tulemus ei ole ei Euroopa Liidu ega ka kolmandate riikidega sõlmitud välislepingute eesmärgiks. Doktoritöös kaardistatakse võimalik konkurents kahe erinevat liiki režiimi vahel ning pakutakse välja võimalused, kuidas saaks kaasaegseid rahvusvahelise eraõiguse meetodeid kasutades vältida konkurentsi tulemusel tekkivaid erinevaid lahendusi selliselt, et tagataks erinevate isikute võrdne kohtlemine Eesti kohtutes tsiviilasjade lahendamisel.
The purpose of the dissertation is to answer the question to which extent are European private international law regulations compatible with the broad legal assistance treaties that the Republic of Estonia concluded with the Russian Federation and Ukraine before joining the European Union. Both types of instruments deal with the questions how to determine international jurisdiction in civil cases, which law is applicable in Estonian courts, what are the conditions for recognizing and enforcing foreign judgments and other enforcement titles in Estonia and how to cooperate with the authorities of foreign states while solving civil cases. At the same time, besides the national code of civil procedure, both types of legal acts are the instruments most often used in Estonian courts when solving international civil disputes. Although the legal assistance treaties concluded with third states before the Republic of Estonia joined the EU enjoy the priority of application over the EU regulations in Estonian courts, the conflicts between the two types of private international law rules occur and result in different nationals being treated differently in Estonian courts. This kind of result is not something that the European instruments or the treaties would seek to ensure. The dissertation maps possible conflicts between the two types of instruments and, by using the methods of modern private international law, offers solutions how to avoid such conflicts in order to equally treat various nationals in Estonian courts when solving civil cases.
The purpose of the dissertation is to answer the question to which extent are European private international law regulations compatible with the broad legal assistance treaties that the Republic of Estonia concluded with the Russian Federation and Ukraine before joining the European Union. Both types of instruments deal with the questions how to determine international jurisdiction in civil cases, which law is applicable in Estonian courts, what are the conditions for recognizing and enforcing foreign judgments and other enforcement titles in Estonia and how to cooperate with the authorities of foreign states while solving civil cases. At the same time, besides the national code of civil procedure, both types of legal acts are the instruments most often used in Estonian courts when solving international civil disputes. Although the legal assistance treaties concluded with third states before the Republic of Estonia joined the EU enjoy the priority of application over the EU regulations in Estonian courts, the conflicts between the two types of private international law rules occur and result in different nationals being treated differently in Estonian courts. This kind of result is not something that the European instruments or the treaties would seek to ensure. The dissertation maps possible conflicts between the two types of instruments and, by using the methods of modern private international law, offers solutions how to avoid such conflicts in order to equally treat various nationals in Estonian courts when solving civil cases.
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Keywords
private international law, European Union law, legal aid, international agreements, conflicts, Estonia