Acute myocardial infarction in Estonia 2001–2014: towards risk-based prevention and management
Failid
Kuupäev
2019-07-04
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Südame-veresoonkonna haiguste, eelkõige südame isheemiatõvest ja südamelihase infarktist põhjustatud suremus Eestis on viimastel aastakümnetel langenud, kuid on jätkuvalt Euroopa keskmisest kõrgem. Suremuse edasine langetamine eeldab tõhusamat infarkti ennetamist ja paremat ravi.
Ennetuse nurgakiviks on kõrgeima haigestumisriskiga inimeste kindlaks tegemine ja neile ennetava ravi pakkumine, et vähendada infarkti haigestumise tõenäosust. Ravijuhised soovitavad selleks kasutada riski hindamise skoore, mis ennustavad riskifaktorite esinemise põhjal haigestumise tõenäosust. Riskihinnangu alusel otsustatakse ennetava ravi vajadus – kõrgem risk eeldab varasemat ja tõhusamat sekkumist. Riskiskoorid on välja töötatud madalama südame-veresoonkonna haiguste levimusega arenenud riikides ning seni ei ole nende sobivust Eesti rahvastikul hinnatud. Doktoritöö tulemusel selgus, et kolmest riskiskoorist kaks – Euroopas kasutatav SCORE ja Ameerika PCE sobivad südame-veresoonkonna haiguste riski hindamiseks Eestis. Suurbritannia QRISK2 alahindas oluliselt haigestumise tõenäosust ja seega vajaks enne kasutamist kohandamist Eesti oludele.
Doktoritöös hinnati ka südamelihase infarktiga patsientide ravi kvaliteeti Eestis 2001–2014. Kuigi patsientide keskmine vanus ja kaasuvate haiguste esinemise sagedus kasvasid, paranes oluliselt infarktijärgne elulemus, mida võib seostada ravijuhistes soovitatud kaasaegse ravi paranenud kättesaadavusega. Uuringuperioodi jooksul ühtlustusid infarkti ravikvaliteet ja -tulemused Eestis – 2011. aastaks ei sõltunud ellujäämise tõenäosus enam sellest, kas patsient pöördus esmaselt piirkondlikku või kohalikku haiglasse. Probleemina tõi töö välja nn. ”riski-ravi paradoksi”, mille kohaselt kõrgeima riskiga patsiente ravitakse vähem tõhusalt võrreldes madalama riskiga haigetega. Seega, infarktijärgse elulemuse edasiseks parandamiseks tuleb enam tähelepanu pöörata kõrgeima riskiga, sealhulgas eakate, suhkrutõve ja neerupuudulikkusega patsientide ravile.
Mortality from cardiovascular disease, more specifically ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, has shown substiantial decrease over the last decades in Estonia, but remains higher than an European average. More effective prevention and improved treatment after MI should be a priority to achieve better outcomes. The cornerstone of prevention is identifying the highest risk individuals and treating them to reduce the risk of developing myocardial infarction. The intensity of preventive therapy should match the individual’s risk level – higher risk warrants more intensive treatment and guidelines recommend using risk scores for risk estimation. However, the predictive ability of risk scores has not been previously evaluated in Estonia. The current study found that the US PCE (Pooled Cohort Equations) and European SCORE performed at acceptable level in their original form and should be used for guiding management decisions in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The UK QRISK2 markedly underestimated the risk and requires modification prior to use. There has been an increase in the use of guideline-recommended therapies in myocardial infarction treatment over the period of 2001–2014 in Estonia. The current study showed an improved survival after myocardial infarction over the same time course, which was seen despite the increased mean age of the patients and rising burden of other diseases. Paradoxically, the improvement in treatment quality was more pronounced in patients with lower baseline mortality risk, while patients with higher mortality risk received less guideline-recommended treatments. The study also demonstrated the equalization of treatment quality between Estonian secondary and tertiary care hospitals – by the year 2011 the prognosis did not depend on the hospital type where a patient with myocardial infarction was initially hospitalized.
Mortality from cardiovascular disease, more specifically ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, has shown substiantial decrease over the last decades in Estonia, but remains higher than an European average. More effective prevention and improved treatment after MI should be a priority to achieve better outcomes. The cornerstone of prevention is identifying the highest risk individuals and treating them to reduce the risk of developing myocardial infarction. The intensity of preventive therapy should match the individual’s risk level – higher risk warrants more intensive treatment and guidelines recommend using risk scores for risk estimation. However, the predictive ability of risk scores has not been previously evaluated in Estonia. The current study found that the US PCE (Pooled Cohort Equations) and European SCORE performed at acceptable level in their original form and should be used for guiding management decisions in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The UK QRISK2 markedly underestimated the risk and requires modification prior to use. There has been an increase in the use of guideline-recommended therapies in myocardial infarction treatment over the period of 2001–2014 in Estonia. The current study showed an improved survival after myocardial infarction over the same time course, which was seen despite the increased mean age of the patients and rising burden of other diseases. Paradoxically, the improvement in treatment quality was more pronounced in patients with lower baseline mortality risk, while patients with higher mortality risk received less guideline-recommended treatments. The study also demonstrated the equalization of treatment quality between Estonian secondary and tertiary care hospitals – by the year 2011 the prognosis did not depend on the hospital type where a patient with myocardial infarction was initially hospitalized.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
südameinfarkt, kardiovaskulaarne risk, ennetav meditsiin, riskitegurid, ravi, suremus, ravikvaliteet, Eesti, 21. saj. algus