Positioning the scholar: issues of epistemology and methodology in the evolutionary study of religion
Date
2019-10-15
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Abstract
Käesolev doktoritöö tegeleb küsimusega religiooniuurija positsioneerimisest. Lihtsustatult tähendab positsioneerimine küsimust sellest, kes on või saab olla uurija seoses uuritavaga? Kuivõrd on tal võimalik jääda neutraalseks, teaduslikuks kõrvalseisjaks või kuivõrd on ta paratamatult osa uurimisväljast või peab selle osaks saama eduka uurimistegevuse jaoks? Spetsiifilisemalt keskendutakse siinses uurimistöös positsioneerimise küsimusele just seoses käitumisökoloogiliste ja kognitiivsete religiooniteadustega ehk teisisõnu seoses evolutsioonilise religiooniuurimise kui sellisega. Selles uurimisvaldkonnas on viimastel kümnendil väga jõuliselt argumenteeritud metodoloogilise naturalismi kasuks. Seda nähakse kõige õigema viisina, kuidas uurija peaks ennast positsioneerima uuritava suhtes. Doktoritöö üheks eesmärgiks on seega näidata, miks ei ole metodoloogilise naturalismi kasuks esitatud argumendid siiski sugugi nii tugevad, kui senimaani on väidetud ja kuidas evolutsiooniline uurimistöö ei kohusta uurijat möödapääsmatult epistemoloogilis-metodoloogilistes küsimustes hoidma naturalistlikku joont. Sellest tulenevalt osutan doktoritöö teises osas ka võimalusele, kuidas põhimõtteliselt on võimalik esitada ka lähenemisviise, mis on evolutsiooniteooriaga täpselt samavõrd kooskõlas, kui metodoloogiline naturalism, ent üleloomulikku puudutavates küsimustes risti vastupidisel seisukohal. Doktoritöö viimases osas paigutan metodoloogilise naturalismi küsimuse laiemasse võrdlusesse ja vaatan, mis küsimustes võib seda positsioneerimisevarianti pidada tugevamaks või nõrgemaks sellistest võimalikest alternatiividest, nagu metodoloogiline agnostitsism, neutraalsus ja dialoogiline enesepositsioneerimine.
This doctoral thesis deals with the issue of positioning the scholar in the context of the study of religion. This is a complex matter, where methodological and epistemological issues intertwine. In short, this is an issue of deciding who the scholar of religion is or can be in relation to his or her ‘object of research’. To what extent can a scholar of religion remain a neutral, scientific observer or to what extent is he or she an inevitable part of the cultural and religious context of the field of research itself as well? These issues will be dealt with primarily within the context of the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. In these fields of research, the idea of methodological naturalism has become very influential over the past few decades and many have argued that this is the best position for evolutionary study of religion as well as for the study of religion in general. In my thesis I show why justifications of methodological naturalism are not as strong as its advocates have argued and how the theory of evolutionary does not inevitably require one to position oneself naturalistically. Furthermore, the second part of the thesis exemplifies how it is possible to develop a position, which is the exact opposite of methodological naturalism in epistemological matters concerning the supernatural, but at the same time it is also just as consistent with the main premises of evolutionary theory as methodological naturalism. In the last part of the thesis I am placing methodological naturalism into a larger comparative framework, to highlight its strengths and weaknesses in comparison to such potential alternatives as methodological agnosticism, neutrality and the dialogical position.
This doctoral thesis deals with the issue of positioning the scholar in the context of the study of religion. This is a complex matter, where methodological and epistemological issues intertwine. In short, this is an issue of deciding who the scholar of religion is or can be in relation to his or her ‘object of research’. To what extent can a scholar of religion remain a neutral, scientific observer or to what extent is he or she an inevitable part of the cultural and religious context of the field of research itself as well? These issues will be dealt with primarily within the context of the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. In these fields of research, the idea of methodological naturalism has become very influential over the past few decades and many have argued that this is the best position for evolutionary study of religion as well as for the study of religion in general. In my thesis I show why justifications of methodological naturalism are not as strong as its advocates have argued and how the theory of evolutionary does not inevitably require one to position oneself naturalistically. Furthermore, the second part of the thesis exemplifies how it is possible to develop a position, which is the exact opposite of methodological naturalism in epistemological matters concerning the supernatural, but at the same time it is also just as consistent with the main premises of evolutionary theory as methodological naturalism. In the last part of the thesis I am placing methodological naturalism into a larger comparative framework, to highlight its strengths and weaknesses in comparison to such potential alternatives as methodological agnosticism, neutrality and the dialogical position.
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kognitiivne religiooniteadus, religiooniuuringud, teadusmetodoloogia, evolutsiooniline epistemoloogia