Ensuring respect for international humanitarian law 70 years after the adoption of the Geneva Conventions of 1949
Date
2020-01-15
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Abstract
Rahvusvaheline humanitaarõigus on õigusharu, mille eesmärk on leevendada sõja põhjustatud kannatusi, piirata relvakonflikti poolte julmust ning tagada kaitse neile, keda konflikt kõige otsesemalt mõjutab. Ühest küljest on humanitaarõiguse areng olnud vaieldamatu edulugu. Selle normid on detailsed ning selle peamiseid lepingulisi aluseid Genfi konventsioone aktsepteerib pea iga olemasolev riik. Teisest küljest on humanitaarõiguse rikkumised endisel igapäevased kõikjal maailmas. Sellest võib järeldada, et reeglitest kinnipidamine ja nende rakendamine, mitte adekvaatsete reeglite puudumine, on tänase humanitaarõiguse suurim probleem.
Genfi konventsioonides on kokku üle 600 artikli. Millised neist nõuavad riikidelt edasist tööd, millised on meetmed, mida tuleb riigisiseselt rakendama asuda? Käesolevas doktoritöös on eristatud kolm kategooriat: ennetavad, järelevalve- ja jõustamismeetmed. Ennetavate meetmete hulka kuuluvad näiteks kohustus konventsioonide sisu õpetada ja levitada, seda nii relvajõudude kui tsiviilelanike seas. Järelevalve meetmete alla kuulub kontroll meetmete täitmise üle, tõendite kogumiste missioonid ja kaitsvate riikide institutsioon. Ning jõustamismeetmete alla peamiselt rikkumiste eest karistamine. Doktoritöö eesmärk on näidata, et just riigisisene rakendamine võib olla rahvusvahelise humanitaarõiguse reeglitest kinnipidamise garantiiks rahvusvahelisel tasandil. Olemasolevad õigusaktid pakuvad piisavalt ennetavaid vahendeid selleks et nende heas usus rakendamisega paljusid rikkumisi ära hoida.
Mõned küsimused, millele autor vastust otsib, on näiteks, kuidas riikide kohustus humanitaarõigust austada riigisisesesse õigusesse üle võtta ning milliseid mehhanisme saaks paremini kasutada. Millised võimalused on riikidel väljaspool oma jurisdiktsiooni jõustamismeetmete võtmiseks, ning kas Genfi konventsioonid vajavad uuendamist või saab neid kohandada ka tänapäevastele konfliktidele. Järeldusena tuuakse välja, et rikkumiste ennetamisele tuleks läheneda senisest interdistsiplinaarsemalt. Näiteks saaks üle vaadata riiklikud õppeprogrammid, sõjapidamise reeglid ja käsiraamatud, arvestada humanitaarõiguse vajadustega linnaplaneerimisel. Ka dialoog mitteriiklike rühmitustega on vältimatu ja peab olema ennetustegevuse keskmes. Humanitaarõiguse rakendamise meetmetest ülevaate saamiseks ja olukorra hindamiseks võiks tulevikus kehtestada kohustusliku aruandlussüsteemi. Sellega käsikäes saaks tõhustada ka rahvusvahelise uurimiskomisjoni ning kaitsva riigi tööd ning kasutada neid tänapäeva konfliktides nii tihti kui tarvis.
International humanitarian law is a field of law aimed at alleviating the suffering caused by war, limiting the cruelty of the warring parties, and ensuring protection for those affected by the conflict. On one hand, the development of humanitarian law has been a remarkable success. Its norms are highly detailed and its principal sources, the Geneva Conventions, are accepted by almost every existing country. On the other hand, violations of humanitarian law are still common everywhere in the world. Therefore, it can be concluded that implementation of and compliance with the rules, not the lack of adequate norms, is the biggest challenge for today’s humanitarian law. There are over 600 articles in the Geneva Conventions. Which of these require further work from the States, and what are the measures to be taken on national level? In this thesis three categories of measures are distinguished: preventive, supervision and repressive measures. Preventive measures include, for example, the obligation to teach and disseminate the content of the conventions, both among the armed forces and the civilian population. Measures of supervision include reporting and monitoring measures, fact-finding and Protective Powers. Enforcement measures are mainly punishments for violations. The aim of the doctoral thesis is to show that it is precisely the national implementation that can help guarantee compliance at international level. Existing legislation provides sufficient tools to prevent most violations when implemented in good faith. Some of the questions that the author seeks to answer are: how can States’ obligations to respect humanitarian law be transposed into national law and which mechanisms could be better used. Which measures can lawfully be taken by States outside their jurisdiction to ensure respect for the law and whether the Geneva Conventions need to be updated or can be adapted to modern conflicts. In conclusion, it is stated that a more interdisciplinary approach to prevention should be taken. For example, States should review national curricula, rules and manuals of warfare and consider humanitarian needs in urban planning. Dialogue with non-state armed groups is also inevitable and must be at the centre of prevention activities. A mandatory reporting system for assessing the state of implementation could be introduced in the future. In same vain, the Fact-Finding and the Protecting Powers institutes could be enhanced and used as often as necessary in today’s conflicts
International humanitarian law is a field of law aimed at alleviating the suffering caused by war, limiting the cruelty of the warring parties, and ensuring protection for those affected by the conflict. On one hand, the development of humanitarian law has been a remarkable success. Its norms are highly detailed and its principal sources, the Geneva Conventions, are accepted by almost every existing country. On the other hand, violations of humanitarian law are still common everywhere in the world. Therefore, it can be concluded that implementation of and compliance with the rules, not the lack of adequate norms, is the biggest challenge for today’s humanitarian law. There are over 600 articles in the Geneva Conventions. Which of these require further work from the States, and what are the measures to be taken on national level? In this thesis three categories of measures are distinguished: preventive, supervision and repressive measures. Preventive measures include, for example, the obligation to teach and disseminate the content of the conventions, both among the armed forces and the civilian population. Measures of supervision include reporting and monitoring measures, fact-finding and Protective Powers. Enforcement measures are mainly punishments for violations. The aim of the doctoral thesis is to show that it is precisely the national implementation that can help guarantee compliance at international level. Existing legislation provides sufficient tools to prevent most violations when implemented in good faith. Some of the questions that the author seeks to answer are: how can States’ obligations to respect humanitarian law be transposed into national law and which mechanisms could be better used. Which measures can lawfully be taken by States outside their jurisdiction to ensure respect for the law and whether the Geneva Conventions need to be updated or can be adapted to modern conflicts. In conclusion, it is stated that a more interdisciplinary approach to prevention should be taken. For example, States should review national curricula, rules and manuals of warfare and consider humanitarian needs in urban planning. Dialogue with non-state armed groups is also inevitable and must be at the centre of prevention activities. A mandatory reporting system for assessing the state of implementation could be introduced in the future. In same vain, the Fact-Finding and the Protecting Powers institutes could be enhanced and used as often as necessary in today’s conflicts
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Keywords
international law, humanitarian law, international agreements, national law