Overview of the phylogeny and phylogeography of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N in northern Eurasia and case studies of two linguistically exceptional populations of Europe – Hungarians and Kalmyks
Date
2020-07-11
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Abstract
Inimkonna evolutsioon ja demograafiline ajalugu on jätnud jälje põlvest-põlve päranduvasse genoomi. Geneetilisi andmeid on inimpopulatsioonide uurimisel kasutatud juba sadakond aastat, kuid alles viimase kümnekonna aasta tehnoloogilised arengud on avanud tee inimkonna genoomse varieeruvuse arengu terviklikkuse jälgimiseks.
Käesolev töö uurib meeste Y-kromosoomi geneetilist varieeruvust. Y-kromosoomi täisjärjestustest rekonstrueeritakse meesliinide fülogeneetilisi puid ning hinnatakse liinide lahknemisaegu.
Väitekiri keskendub Põhja-Euraasia meestel levinud Y-kromosoomi liini haplogrupp (hg) N uuringutele. Hinnatakse hg N alam-klaadide topoloogiat, lahknemisaegu, levikumustreid ja sagedusi erinevatel Põhja-Euraasia rahvastel. Eraldi analüüsitakse hg N olemasolu Kesk-Euroopas elavatel uurali keeli kõnelevatel ungarlastel ning geograafiliselt kaugetel Uurali mäestiku ümbruses elavatel populatsioonidel, k.a. keelesugulastel. Seni teadaolevalt oli geneetiline seos tänapäeva ungarlasete ja teiste uurali keeli rääkivate rahvaste vahel kasin. Leidsime, et siiski avaldub marginaalne seos Y-kromosoomi variandi N3a4 kaudu ja ungarlastel esinev N3a4 on kladistiliselt sama, mis ob-ugridel – hantide ja mansidel – ning mitmetel teistel Uurali/Lääne-Siberi rahvastel. Läänemere-soomlaste sõsarliinist lahknes antud liin umbes 4-5 aastatuhande eest.
Lisaks analüüsime meesliine oirat-mongoli keelt rääkivatel kalmõkkidel, kelle esiisad ~400 aasta eest liikusid Lääne-Mongooliast Ida-Euroopa lauskmaa kaguossa. Kalmõkkide isaliine võrreldakse Mongoolias, Kõrgõzstanis ja Hiinas elavate keelesugulaste omadega. Neil hõimudel on levinud hg C3, mille fülogeneetilise puu topoloogia ja teiste hg-de sagedused viitavad kalmõkkide ning keelesugulaste geneetilisele sarnasusele sõltumata lahusolekust. Veidi esineb neil N3a varianti, mis on rohke mitmetel mongoli hõimudel. See näitab Holotseeni keskajast pärinevate meesliinide, kohati ulatuslikku kattuvust uurali ja mongoli keelte rääkijate vahel.
Human evolution and demographic history have left a mark into our genome, passed on through generations. Genetic information has been applied to compare peoples for nearly a century. Yet the technological advances of the past decade have opened a path to whole human genomic variation. Current thesis studies the genetic variation of the paternally inherited Y chromosome. Whole Y chromosome sequences are used in the construction of phylogenetic trees and estimation of lineage split times. The thesis focuses on a Y chromosome lineage haplogroup (hg) N that is prevalent in North Eurasian men. A high-resolution phylogenetic tree reveals new sub-lineages; their spread patterns and frequencies are assessed in various North Eurasian populations. Also, the occurrence of hg N is examined in Uralic speaking Hungarians of Central Europe and geographically distant peoples, including linguistic relatives, living around the Ural Mountains. Hungarians are genetically similar to their geographic neighbours. Genetic affinity with other Uralic speakers has been deemed elusive. Here we report that such a link, albeit limited, manifests in Y-chromosomal hg N3a4 bringing Hungarians together with Ob-Ugric Khanty and Mansi and several other Ural Mountain/West Siberian populations. Its sister clade, rich among Baltic-Finnic peoples, split from the former ~4-5 millennia ago. The study also analyses paternal lineages of Oirat-Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks, whose ancestors ~400 years ago migrated from West Mongolia to East European Plain. Male lineages of Kalmyks and their linguistic relatives living in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and China are compared. A common hg in these populations is C3. Its phylogenetic tree and frequencies of other hgs show genetic similarity among studied populations despite the separation. Meanwhile, hg N3a, scarce in Kalmyks and frequent in some Mongol tribes, depicts an occasional extensive overlap of Y chromosomes between Uralic- and Mongolic speakers, dating to mid-Holocene.
Human evolution and demographic history have left a mark into our genome, passed on through generations. Genetic information has been applied to compare peoples for nearly a century. Yet the technological advances of the past decade have opened a path to whole human genomic variation. Current thesis studies the genetic variation of the paternally inherited Y chromosome. Whole Y chromosome sequences are used in the construction of phylogenetic trees and estimation of lineage split times. The thesis focuses on a Y chromosome lineage haplogroup (hg) N that is prevalent in North Eurasian men. A high-resolution phylogenetic tree reveals new sub-lineages; their spread patterns and frequencies are assessed in various North Eurasian populations. Also, the occurrence of hg N is examined in Uralic speaking Hungarians of Central Europe and geographically distant peoples, including linguistic relatives, living around the Ural Mountains. Hungarians are genetically similar to their geographic neighbours. Genetic affinity with other Uralic speakers has been deemed elusive. Here we report that such a link, albeit limited, manifests in Y-chromosomal hg N3a4 bringing Hungarians together with Ob-Ugric Khanty and Mansi and several other Ural Mountain/West Siberian populations. Its sister clade, rich among Baltic-Finnic peoples, split from the former ~4-5 millennia ago. The study also analyses paternal lineages of Oirat-Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks, whose ancestors ~400 years ago migrated from West Mongolia to East European Plain. Male lineages of Kalmyks and their linguistic relatives living in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and China are compared. A common hg in these populations is C3. Its phylogenetic tree and frequencies of other hgs show genetic similarity among studied populations despite the separation. Meanwhile, hg N3a, scarce in Kalmyks and frequent in some Mongol tribes, depicts an occasional extensive overlap of Y chromosomes between Uralic- and Mongolic speakers, dating to mid-Holocene.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publiktasioone
Keywords
Y chromosome, phylogeny, phylogeography, Hungarians, Kalmyks, populations (biology), North Eurasia