Mapping time: analysis of contemporary theories of historical temporality
Date
2020-10-30
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Abstract
Doktoritöö tegeleb ajasuhete temaatikaga tänapäevases ajaloofilosoofias. 20. sajandi teisel poolel aset leidnud keelelise pöörde kontekstis nähti ajaloofilosoofia või ajalooteooria peamise ülesandena ajaloo kui akadeemilise distsipliini kriitilist analüüsi. Selles vaimus uurimused huvitusid ennekõike sellest, kas ja kuidas on ajalooteadmine võimalik, ning millist rolli mängib mineviku tunnetamisel keeleline representatsioon. Viimasel paarikümnel aastal on ajaloofilosoofiliste küsimuspüstituste haare märgatavalt laienenud. Iseäranis on hakatud tähelepanu pöörama “ajaloolise ajalisuse“ eri vormide mõtestamisele ja analüüsile. Ajalisuse temaatika kontekstis uuritakse näiteks, millal ja mis tingimustel kujunes ajalooteadusele aluseks olev eeldus olevikust selgepiiriliselt eraldatud ajaloolise mineviku kohta. Ajalooteadusele omaste ajalisuse tingimuste käsitlemine on omakorda osa laiemast ajateemalisest diskussioonist, milles mõtestatakse ka avaramaid ühiskondlik-kultuurilisi ajalisuse vorme. Uurides kaasaegset ajalisuse mõiste ümber keerlevat ajaloofilosoofilist debatti, seab doktoritöö endale kolm eesmärki. Esimeseks eesmärgiks on ehitada välja üldistav teoreetiline raamistik, mis võimaldab tuua kokku olulisemaid viimasel paarikümnel aastal esile tõusnud ajalisuse käsitused. Teiseks taotluseks on keskenduda mõjukale hüpoteesile “presentismist“ kui meie ajastu domineerivast ajakogemusest, nagu selle sõnastas sajandi alguses prantsuse ajaloolane François Hartog. Töös vaagitakse presentistliku ajamudeli seletuslikku potentsiaali, kuid pööratakse tähelepanu ka selle piiridele. Kolmandaks eesmärgiks ongi piiritleda alternatiivne ajalisuse teooria, mis liiguks välja presentismile omasest olevikukesksusest. Doktoritöö väidab, et kriitiline hoiak presentismi suhtes on iseäranis põhjendatud tänapäevaste tehnoloogiliste ja ökoloogiliste muutuste kontekstis.
The current thesis examines matters of temporality in the context of contemporary philosophy of history. During the heyday of the linguistic turn shaping the field in the second half of the 20th century, the theory or philosophy of history was primarily viewed as a discipline dealing with various aspects pertaining to the historian’s pursuit of historical knowledge, serving thus as a particular meta-study of historiography. Today, in addition to questions dealing with the possibility and scientific status of historical knowledge, and the role and significance of linguistic representation in particular, many scholars are showing increasing interest in issues of historical temporality. In this context, among other questions under scrutiny is that of the emergence of the notion of historical past, which grants the modern discipline of history its specific domain of study – namely, the past understood as separate and qualitatively distinct from the present. Accounts expounding various time-related implications pertaining to the discipline of history are in turn part of a larger conversation that features a range of theoretical perspectives toward manifold cultural and societal perceptions of time. Following debates concerning the notion of historical temporality, the thesis pursues three objectives. The first is to offer a broader conceptual framework that helps systematize and facilitate dialogue between various theories of temporality proposed in recent literature. Second, the thesis focuses on the hypothesis about “presentism” prominently articulated by the French historian François Hartog, scrutinizing presentism’s intellectual potential as the prevailing temporal matrix shaping our current perception of historical time. Third, the thesis presents a particular critique of presentism, arguing that rapid changes occurring across technological and ecological domains necessitate venturing beyond the present-based temporal economy promoted by presentism.
The current thesis examines matters of temporality in the context of contemporary philosophy of history. During the heyday of the linguistic turn shaping the field in the second half of the 20th century, the theory or philosophy of history was primarily viewed as a discipline dealing with various aspects pertaining to the historian’s pursuit of historical knowledge, serving thus as a particular meta-study of historiography. Today, in addition to questions dealing with the possibility and scientific status of historical knowledge, and the role and significance of linguistic representation in particular, many scholars are showing increasing interest in issues of historical temporality. In this context, among other questions under scrutiny is that of the emergence of the notion of historical past, which grants the modern discipline of history its specific domain of study – namely, the past understood as separate and qualitatively distinct from the present. Accounts expounding various time-related implications pertaining to the discipline of history are in turn part of a larger conversation that features a range of theoretical perspectives toward manifold cultural and societal perceptions of time. Following debates concerning the notion of historical temporality, the thesis pursues three objectives. The first is to offer a broader conceptual framework that helps systematize and facilitate dialogue between various theories of temporality proposed in recent literature. Second, the thesis focuses on the hypothesis about “presentism” prominently articulated by the French historian François Hartog, scrutinizing presentism’s intellectual potential as the prevailing temporal matrix shaping our current perception of historical time. Third, the thesis presents a particular critique of presentism, arguing that rapid changes occurring across technological and ecological domains necessitate venturing beyond the present-based temporal economy promoted by presentism.
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Keywords
time, philosophy of history, theories, presentism, assumptions, criticism