From economic independence to political sovereignty: inventing “self-management” in the Estonian SSR
Date
2021-05-05
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Abstract
Doktoritöö pakub välja uue analüütilise mõiste, mille abil mõtestada ENSV-s aastatel 1987-1988 toimunud muutusi poliitilises keeles. Selleks on „mõisteline innovatsioon“, millega tähistatakse kaheosalist tegevust - peale termini varasema tähenduse (mõiste) radikaalsele muutmisele loob see lisaks intellektuaalse platvormi mõiste edasiseks laienduseks ning teiste (poliitiliselt kasutatavate) mõistete esiletõusuks. Selle näiteks on terminiga „isemajandamine“ toimunu, mille senist mõistet (ettevõtte majandusiseseisvus) laiendati 1987. aastal esiteks ruumiliselt (majandusüksuselt territoriaalüksusele) ja valdkonniti (ettevõtte iseseisvusest kõikide sotsiaalsfääride iseseisvuseni vabariigis) ning teiseks, see muutus aastal 1988 kogu vabariigi teadlaskonda mobiliseerivaks platvormiks (nn. IME projekt). Rahvusvahelist poliitikat kõige enam mõjutavaks tagajärjeks oli aga see, et „isemajandamise“ mõiste innovatsioon pani ettekavatsematult idanema järgmise, kõikidele liiduvabariikidele väga olulise poliitilise mõiste, milleks oli „suveräänsus“.
Doktoritöö eesmärgiks on uuesti mõtestada Eesti taasiseseisvumise konteksti, asetades fookuse esiteks varasemasse perioodi ning teiseks revolutsiooni keelelisele aspektile. Lisaks „isemajandamise“ mõistelisele innovatsioonile, eristab ja kirjeldab töö mitmeid teisi mõistelisi protsesse, muuhulgas mõistete kandumist teadusest poliitikasse. Doktoritöö fookus on siin ENSV teadlaskonnal. Intellektuaalide ja teadlaste roll 1987.-88. a sündmustes on küll üldiselt tunnustatud, ent samas ei ole vaadeldud teadlaste poolset poliitilise keele „hõivamist“ läbi pikema perioodi rekonstruktsiooni. Nimelt näitab töö, kuidas perestroika-aegne reformipoliitiline keel oli tugevalt mõjutatud 1960.-1970. aastatel ülemaailmses teaduskogukonnas esile kerkinud uute distsipliinide (nagu süsteemiteooria, juhtimisteadus, globaaluuringud) ekspertkeeltest. Mainitud valdkondade mõistestik ja argumendid said intellektuaalseks raamistikuks ENSV sotsiaal- ja loodusteadlastele, mida oli võimalik kasutada poliitikasse sisenemisel perestroika tulekul 1985. aastal. Töö vaatleb seega Eesti perestroika kujunemise intellektuaalset genealoogiat, küsides, millised mõisted ja „keeled“, millistest teadusvaldkondadest olid teadlastele vahenditeks poliitiliste muutuste ellu kutsumisel ja laiendamisel
The dissertation develops a novel methodological approach to studying revolutionary processes, highlighting the value of exploring the dynamics of conceptual change in pre-revolutionary transformative moments. It focuses on the case of the Estonian SSR in the early and mid-perestroika period (1985–1988). The dissertation analyzes the changes that took place in the reform socialist discourse in this period, tracing their links to those in broader Soviet, but also in global discourses since the 1960s. At the same time, the dissertation highlights the uniqueness of the Estonian case, exploring the contextual resources that made possible the conceptual innovations that took place there. The conceptual innovations in Estonia led to the first revolutionary situation (the situation of “dual power”) among the 1989 revolutions in Europe, contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The dissertation’s thesis is that we can identify specific conceptual processes in pre-revolutionary periods through which specific and technical concepts, derived from an expert-language framework, acquire broader resonance and meaning in society, thus contributing to the rise of a revolutionary situation. The analytical term “conceptual innovation” that the study introduces, designates the conceptual process through which the meaning of a term is radically altered, so that it can eventually serve as a conceptual platform for new political claims. An example of this kind of innovation is the case of “self-management” in September 1987. Uniquely in the Soviet Union, the Estonian SSR witnessed the transformation of the Soviet concept “self-accounting” (in Russian, khozraschet) to territorial “self-management" (in Estonian, isemajandamine). This transformation facilitated radical changes in the political situation in the ESSR in 1987–1988, which further served as an inspiration for a cascade of changes in other Soviet republics. The dissertation proposes a new approach to conceptual history, highlighting the role of “small concepts” in facilitating policymaking, mobilizing different actors, and serving as catalysts for national self-determination.
The dissertation develops a novel methodological approach to studying revolutionary processes, highlighting the value of exploring the dynamics of conceptual change in pre-revolutionary transformative moments. It focuses on the case of the Estonian SSR in the early and mid-perestroika period (1985–1988). The dissertation analyzes the changes that took place in the reform socialist discourse in this period, tracing their links to those in broader Soviet, but also in global discourses since the 1960s. At the same time, the dissertation highlights the uniqueness of the Estonian case, exploring the contextual resources that made possible the conceptual innovations that took place there. The conceptual innovations in Estonia led to the first revolutionary situation (the situation of “dual power”) among the 1989 revolutions in Europe, contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The dissertation’s thesis is that we can identify specific conceptual processes in pre-revolutionary periods through which specific and technical concepts, derived from an expert-language framework, acquire broader resonance and meaning in society, thus contributing to the rise of a revolutionary situation. The analytical term “conceptual innovation” that the study introduces, designates the conceptual process through which the meaning of a term is radically altered, so that it can eventually serve as a conceptual platform for new political claims. An example of this kind of innovation is the case of “self-management” in September 1987. Uniquely in the Soviet Union, the Estonian SSR witnessed the transformation of the Soviet concept “self-accounting” (in Russian, khozraschet) to territorial “self-management" (in Estonian, isemajandamine). This transformation facilitated radical changes in the political situation in the ESSR in 1987–1988, which further served as an inspiration for a cascade of changes in other Soviet republics. The dissertation proposes a new approach to conceptual history, highlighting the role of “small concepts” in facilitating policymaking, mobilizing different actors, and serving as catalysts for national self-determination.
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Keywords
self financing, perestroika, independence (politics), Estonia, political changes