An assessment of biology learning and an evaluation of biology self-perceptions by upper secondary school students related to biological literacy
Date
2022-07-12
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Abstract
Bioloogiahariduse peamiseks eesmärgiks on suurendada õpilaste bioloogiaalast kirjaoskust, mis hõlmab bioloogiaalaseid teadmisi, kognitiivseid oskusi, hoiakuid, uskumusi ning väärtusi, sh. säästva arengu põhimõtete väärtustamist (Krell & Schmidt, 2020). Kuid bioloogia ainekavasid ei ole suudetud piisavalt kiiresti täiendada uute teadus-saavutuste ja meetodite ning nn 21. sajandi kompetentsuste kujundamisega, et täita ühiskonna suurenevat nõudlust kõrge bioloogiaalase kirjaoskusega kodanike järele. Seetõttu on kooliharidusel ning bioloogiatundidel oluline roll õpilastes nende täiustunud ning uute bioloogiaalaste teadmiste ja oskuste arendamisel.
Käesoleva doktoritöö üheks eesmärgiks on uuendada ja täiendada bioloogiaalase kirjaoskuse kontseptsiooni ning hinnata gümnaasiumiõpilaste olulisemaid bioloogiaalaseid pädevusi, mille saavutamine on sätestatud 2011. aastal vastu võetud kompetentsipõhises gümnaasiumi riiklikus õppekavas, kuid mille rakendumise kohta pole piisavalt andmeid.
Bioloogiaalase kirjaoskuse teoreetilise mudeli loomiseks viidi läbi vastava-sisuline teaduskirjanduse süstemaatiline analüüs. Bioloogiaalase kirjaoskuse mudelisse kuulub kuus alljärgnevat dimensiooni süstemaatilise kirjanduse analüüsi alusel: kognitiivne dimensioon; afektiivne dimensioon; jätkusuutlikkus; interdistsiplinaarsus; teadlikkus bioloogiaalastest karjääridest bioloogia kui teaduse olemus.
Doktoritöö teine etapp tugines kolmel uuringul, mis viidi läbi gümnaasiumi-õpilaste bioloogiaalase kirjaoskuse kognitiivsete ja afektiivsete komponentide hindamiseks. Tulemused näitasid, et kolme gümnaasiumi-aasta jooksul nende tulemused paranesid viies ülesandes (ülesannete koguarv oli kaheksa). Õpilaste keskmised tulemused olid mõlemas uuritud klassis madalad. 12. klassi õpilased näitasid paremaid tulemusi bioloogia-alaseid teadmisi uurivates ülesannetes. Õpilaste tulemused ei paranenud probleemi lahendamise ja põhjendamise ülesannetes. Seetõttu on oluline bioloogiatundides senisest enam tähelepanu pöörata õpilaste põhjendamis-oskuse arendamisele.
Saadud tulemustest selgub, et kui õpilased ei saanud bioloogiaalastest põhimõistetest ja protsessidest arusaamisel häid tulemusi, siis oli ka nende kognitiivsete oskuste tase madal. Madalate ainealaste ja kognitiivsete oskuste taga võib olla Eesti riiklik õppekava, mis rõhutab küll õpilaste erinevate kognitiivsete oskuste arendamist, kuid mida bioloogia peamiselt ainekeskne õppekava piisavalt ei toeta.
The aim of this dissertation was to contribute to a growing area of research by exploring the meaning behind biological literacy to explain and elucidate the meaning and components of Estonian biology education. This research aimed to measure the biological content knowledge and cognitive skills of upper secondary school students. Also, the aim of this study is to determine self-perceptions held by Estonian upper school secondary students in relation to biological content knowledge and cognitive skills as key components of biological literacy and expectations for undertaking a biology-related cognitive skills assessment as components of biological literacy. The systematic literature review indicated six components (1) cognitive (cognitive skills, conceptual understanding, biological inquiry); (2) affective, from the systematic literature review; (3) sustainability; (4) interdisciplinarity; (5) career awareness; and (6) the nature of biology. Furthermore, data to assess the conceptual understanding and cognitive skills of upper secondary school students was collected by means of a paper‐and-pencil test. Such a format can only cover selected components but not the whole framework of biological literacy. Study 1 assessed the biological understanding and cognitive skills of grade 10 and grade 12 students. After three years of secondary school biology studies, the students in grade 12 had significantly better results than they had in grade 10 in five out of the eight tasks. Grade 12 students did not show statistically better results in problem-solving. The results of Study 2 showed that the mean results of the students’ answers to questions vary greatly. According to item difficulty (which was decided according to the mean score of the item), there were 4 different items: items performed at an advanced level, items performed at a high level, items performed at an intermediate level, and items performed at a low level. The aim of Study 3 was to use two different biological literacy assessment instruments combined, both were used accordingly in the second and third study. Among the biological core concepts, metabolism appeared to be the most difficult topic of biology and the topics of ecology and evolution were the simplest for the students to answer.
The aim of this dissertation was to contribute to a growing area of research by exploring the meaning behind biological literacy to explain and elucidate the meaning and components of Estonian biology education. This research aimed to measure the biological content knowledge and cognitive skills of upper secondary school students. Also, the aim of this study is to determine self-perceptions held by Estonian upper school secondary students in relation to biological content knowledge and cognitive skills as key components of biological literacy and expectations for undertaking a biology-related cognitive skills assessment as components of biological literacy. The systematic literature review indicated six components (1) cognitive (cognitive skills, conceptual understanding, biological inquiry); (2) affective, from the systematic literature review; (3) sustainability; (4) interdisciplinarity; (5) career awareness; and (6) the nature of biology. Furthermore, data to assess the conceptual understanding and cognitive skills of upper secondary school students was collected by means of a paper‐and-pencil test. Such a format can only cover selected components but not the whole framework of biological literacy. Study 1 assessed the biological understanding and cognitive skills of grade 10 and grade 12 students. After three years of secondary school biology studies, the students in grade 12 had significantly better results than they had in grade 10 in five out of the eight tasks. Grade 12 students did not show statistically better results in problem-solving. The results of Study 2 showed that the mean results of the students’ answers to questions vary greatly. According to item difficulty (which was decided according to the mean score of the item), there were 4 different items: items performed at an advanced level, items performed at a high level, items performed at an intermediate level, and items performed at a low level. The aim of Study 3 was to use two different biological literacy assessment instruments combined, both were used accordingly in the second and third study. Among the biological core concepts, metabolism appeared to be the most difficult topic of biology and the topics of ecology and evolution were the simplest for the students to answer.
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Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
science education, scientific literacy, biology, gymnasiums, students, cognitive abilities, self-esteem