Children of the Grave: a multidisciplinary study of non-adult diet and disease from medieval and early modern southern Estonia
Kuupäev
2022-10-17
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
Ajakirja ISSN
Köite pealkiri
Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Laste ja noorukite luustikud annavad paljudel erinevatel viisidel aimu nende keerukast isiklikust ja sotsiaalsest elust alates sünnist ja edasi läbi nende kasvu ja arengu.
Viimasel kümnendil on avaldatud mitmeid uuringuid, mis lisavad selgust täiskasvanueale eelnevale elule, toitumisele lapseeas ja laste toitmisele. Samal ajal on laste bioarheoloogia Balti riikides vähe arenenud. Selle väitekirja eesmärk on anda suuremahuline ülevaade lapsepõlveaegsest tervisest, sotsiaalsest rollist, peamisest toidulauast ja toitmiskäitumisest keskaegses ja varauusaegses Eestis (13.-17. sajandil pKr). Seda tehti esmalt teoreetilise lähenemisviisiga ja seejärel kasutades paleopatoloogiat, uudseid kuvamismeetodeid ja biomolekulaarseid analüüse. See on esimene omalaadne valdkondadeülene uurimustöö, mis on pühendatud spetsiifiliselt laste ja noorukite luustike uurimisele Eestis ja Ida-Baltikumis.
Käesolev väitekiri on loodud viie artikli põhjal. Esmalt annab see ülevaate lapsepõlve bioarheoloogia uurimise käesolevast olukorrast Baltimaades. Järgnevalt arutletakse filosoofiliselt küsimuste üle, mis puudutavad laste ja noorukite luustike paleoarheoloogilist uurimist “osteoloogilise paradoksi” valguses. Kolmas artikkel tutvustab RTId (Reflectance Transformation Imaging) kui väärtuslikku vahendit skeletihaiguste kirjeldamiseks. RTI osutus eriti kasulikuks perinataalses perioodis surnud laste peenete luumuutuste uurimisel ja seda kasutati edukalt ka neljandas artiklis. Selles artiklis esitatakse paleopatoloogiline uurimustöö, mis on tehtud valimil perinataalses eas surnud laste luustikest, mis on pärit Tartu püha Jakobi kalmistult. Samuti leiab käsitlemist rasedate naiste tervis ja enneaegselt lahkunute kohtlemine lähtuvalt kombestikust (nt seoses ristimisega). Viimane artikkel uurib laste ja noorukite peamist toidulauda ja laste toitmist Liivimaal läbi stabiilse isotoobi analüüsi. Tulemused viitavad sellele, et lastel oli sarnane ligipääs toiduallikatele nagu täiskasvanutel ja tõi esile erinevused toitumises lastel, kes elasid linnades võrreldes lastega, kes elasid maapiirkondades. Saadi esimesed andmed selle kohta, kui kaua Liivimaa lapsi rinnaga toideti ja millises vanuses toimus rinnast võõrutamine.
Käesolev väitekiri kujutab endast esimest sammu laste bioarheoloogia arengus Ida-Baltikumis. Kasutatud metodoloogiliste ja teoreetiliste lähenemiste kombinatsioon avab uusi võimalusi sotsiaalsete vähemuste mõistmiseks selles Euroopa piirkonnas.
The skeletal remains of non-adults provide numerous insights into the complexity of their personal and social lives, starting with birth and continuing through development and growth. In the last decade, several studies have provided insights into non-adult life, diet, and feeding practices. However, the bioarchaeology of children is currently underdeveloped in the Baltic states. The aim of the thesis is to obtain a large-scale overview of childhood health, social role, staple diet, and feeding practices through medieval and early modern Livonia (13th–17th c. AD). This was performed first with a theoretical approach, and then through the use of paleopathology, novel imaging techniques, and biomolecular analyses, constituting the first multidisciplinary study specifically dedicated to non-adults in Estonia and the Eastern Baltics. Crafted around five papers, this dissertation first reports the state of art of childhood bioarchaeology in the Baltics. It then continues exploring the philosophical implications of the paleopathological study of non-adults in the light of the Osteological Paradox. The third paper proposes Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) as a precious tool for describing skeletal pathology. RTI was particularly useful for studying subtle bone changes in perinates, and was successfully employed also in the fourth paper. This presents the paleopathological study of a sample of perinates from St Jacob’s cemetery in Tartu. The study highlighted the presence of systemic metabolic disease in the sample. The health of pregnant women and their babies was discussed, as well as the treatment of the prematurely deceased in the light of cultural practices (ex. baptism). The last paper investigates the staple non-adult diet and feeding practices in Livonia through stable isotope analysis. The results suggest that children accessed food sources similarly to the adults and highlighted disparities in diet/feeding practices among children in rural and urban contexts. This is the first data regarding how long Livonian children were breastfed, and at which age the weaning process occurred. This dissertation constitutes a first step for the development of the bioarchaeology of children in the Eastern Baltics. The combination of methodological and theoretical approaches adopted opens new avenues for understanding social minorities in this area of Europe.
The skeletal remains of non-adults provide numerous insights into the complexity of their personal and social lives, starting with birth and continuing through development and growth. In the last decade, several studies have provided insights into non-adult life, diet, and feeding practices. However, the bioarchaeology of children is currently underdeveloped in the Baltic states. The aim of the thesis is to obtain a large-scale overview of childhood health, social role, staple diet, and feeding practices through medieval and early modern Livonia (13th–17th c. AD). This was performed first with a theoretical approach, and then through the use of paleopathology, novel imaging techniques, and biomolecular analyses, constituting the first multidisciplinary study specifically dedicated to non-adults in Estonia and the Eastern Baltics. Crafted around five papers, this dissertation first reports the state of art of childhood bioarchaeology in the Baltics. It then continues exploring the philosophical implications of the paleopathological study of non-adults in the light of the Osteological Paradox. The third paper proposes Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) as a precious tool for describing skeletal pathology. RTI was particularly useful for studying subtle bone changes in perinates, and was successfully employed also in the fourth paper. This presents the paleopathological study of a sample of perinates from St Jacob’s cemetery in Tartu. The study highlighted the presence of systemic metabolic disease in the sample. The health of pregnant women and their babies was discussed, as well as the treatment of the prematurely deceased in the light of cultural practices (ex. baptism). The last paper investigates the staple non-adult diet and feeding practices in Livonia through stable isotope analysis. The results suggest that children accessed food sources similarly to the adults and highlighted disparities in diet/feeding practices among children in rural and urban contexts. This is the first data regarding how long Livonian children were breastfed, and at which age the weaning process occurred. This dissertation constitutes a first step for the development of the bioarchaeology of children in the Eastern Baltics. The combination of methodological and theoretical approaches adopted opens new avenues for understanding social minorities in this area of Europe.
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
Livonia, Tartu County, children, Middle Ages, early modern history, dietary customs, health state, bone remains, osteoarchaeology, bioarchaelogy, paleopathology