Comparison of molecular genetics and morphological findings of childhood-onset neuromuscular disorders
Date
2022-11-25
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Abstract
Pärilike neuromuskulaarsete haiguste (NMH-de) alla kuuluvad seljaaju motoneuronite, närvide, närv-lihas ülekande ja lihaste talitluse häired, mis on põhjustatud ühe geeni veast. Nende haiguste diagnoosimisel on lisaks patsiendi haigusloole ja läbivaatusele abiks erinevad instrumentaalsed uuringud, sealhulgas lihasbiopsia. Lihaskoe analüüsimiseks kasutatakse mitmeid erinevaid värvinguid ja tehnikaid, mis võimaldavad näha lihaskiudude struktuuri, keemilisi ja ensümaatilisi omadusi ning erinevate valkude olemasolu või puudumist. Lihaskoe histoloogilised muutused on ajalooliselt olnud aluseks mitmete pärilike NMH-de tuvastamisele ja diagnoosimisele ning andnud suuna, milliseid geene uurida. Kuid tänapäeval on võimalik ühe analüüsiga (kogu eksoomi sekveneerimine) uurida kõiki geene korraga, mis on näidanud ka head diagnostilist efektiivsust. Seega on lihasbiopsia roll NMH-de diagnostikas muutumas.
Käesolevasse uuringusse kaasati 70 päriliku NMH või mitokondriaalse haiguse kahtlusega patsienti, kellest 44-l kinnitus geneetiline diagnoos. Uuringust selgus, et lihasbiopsia mängis diagnostilises protsessis olulist rolli paljudel juhtudel, kusjuures 15 patsiendi lihaskoes esinesid spetsiifilised histoloogilised muutused. Mitmel juhul oli lihasbiopsia vajalik mitokondriaalses DNA-s esinevate muutuste tuvastamiseks. Lisaks andsid lihaskoest tehtud uuringud väärtuslikku lisainformatsiooni paljudel juhtudel, kus geneetilisel analüüsil leiti varem kirjeldamata geenivariant, tuvastati muutused kandidaatgeenis või kus leide polnudki. Näiteks ühel lihasdüstroofiaga patsiendil avastasime muutused uudses JAG2 geenis, mille haigusseoselisus kinnitus rahvusvahelise koostöö tulemusena. Uurides geenide ja teatud valkude avaldumist selle patsiendi lihaskoes, saime viite, et haiguse teke võib olla seotud lihase tüvirakkude talitluse häirumisega. Samas enamikel peamiselt kesknärvisüsteemi mõjutava haigusega patsientidel ei andnud lihasbiopsia informatsiooni juurde. Lisaks kirjeldati SPATA5 geeni defekti seost mitokondrite talitluse ja närvijätkete kasvu häiretega ning ühte patsienti, kellel oli kahtlus kongenitaalsele müopaatiale, kuid diagnoositi hoopis PRPS1 geeniga seotud puriinide ainevahetushaigus.
Hereditary neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) include spinal motor neuron, nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle diseases caused by a single gene defect. In addition to the patient's disease history and examination, the diagnosis of NMDs can be reached using various instrumental investigations, including muscle biopsy. Several different stains and techniques are used to analyze muscle tissue, showing the structure and chemical and enzymatic properties of muscle fibers and the presence or absence of various proteins. Histological changes in muscle tissue have historically been the basis for identifying and diagnosing several hereditary NMDs and have provided guidance on which genes to study. However, nowadays, it is possible to study all genes at once with one analysis (whole exome sequencing), which has also shown good diagnostic efficiency. Thus, the role of muscle biopsy in NMD diagnostics is changing. The present study included 70 patients with a suspected hereditary NMD or mitochondrial disease, of whom 44 received a genetic diagnosis. The study found that muscle biopsy played a vital role in the diagnostic process in many cases, with 15 patients having specific histological changes in the muscle tissue. In several cases, a muscle biopsy was necessary to detect changes in mitochondrial DNA. In addition, studies of muscle tissue provided valuable additional information in many cases with previously undescribed gene variants, changes in a candidate gene, or without genetic findings. For example, in one patient with muscular dystrophy, we discovered changes in the new JAG2 gene and confirmed its disease association owing to international cooperation. Of note, by studying the expression of genes and specific proteins in the muscle tissue of this patient, we got an indication that the development of the disease may be related to the dysfunction of muscle stem cells. However, muscle biopsy did not provide additional information in most patients with a disease affecting the central nervous system. Lastly, the dissertation described the association of SPATA5 gene defect with mitochondrial dysfunction and nerve growth impairment and one patient with a suspected congenital myopathy, eventually diagnosed with PRPS1 gene-related inborn error of purine metabolism.
Hereditary neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) include spinal motor neuron, nerve, neuromuscular junction, and muscle diseases caused by a single gene defect. In addition to the patient's disease history and examination, the diagnosis of NMDs can be reached using various instrumental investigations, including muscle biopsy. Several different stains and techniques are used to analyze muscle tissue, showing the structure and chemical and enzymatic properties of muscle fibers and the presence or absence of various proteins. Histological changes in muscle tissue have historically been the basis for identifying and diagnosing several hereditary NMDs and have provided guidance on which genes to study. However, nowadays, it is possible to study all genes at once with one analysis (whole exome sequencing), which has also shown good diagnostic efficiency. Thus, the role of muscle biopsy in NMD diagnostics is changing. The present study included 70 patients with a suspected hereditary NMD or mitochondrial disease, of whom 44 received a genetic diagnosis. The study found that muscle biopsy played a vital role in the diagnostic process in many cases, with 15 patients having specific histological changes in the muscle tissue. In several cases, a muscle biopsy was necessary to detect changes in mitochondrial DNA. In addition, studies of muscle tissue provided valuable additional information in many cases with previously undescribed gene variants, changes in a candidate gene, or without genetic findings. For example, in one patient with muscular dystrophy, we discovered changes in the new JAG2 gene and confirmed its disease association owing to international cooperation. Of note, by studying the expression of genes and specific proteins in the muscle tissue of this patient, we got an indication that the development of the disease may be related to the dysfunction of muscle stem cells. However, muscle biopsy did not provide additional information in most patients with a disease affecting the central nervous system. Lastly, the dissertation described the association of SPATA5 gene defect with mitochondrial dysfunction and nerve growth impairment and one patient with a suspected congenital myopathy, eventually diagnosed with PRPS1 gene-related inborn error of purine metabolism.
Description
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Keywords
neuromuscular disorders, hereditary diseases, DNA analysis, histopathological diagnostics, nucleotide sequence